Black Feminism Research Paper Example

Black Feminism Paper The theme of this essay will look at black feminist perspectives on gender, firstly from this perspective a black womens experience provides stimulation of the feminist awareness. Black feminism writings highlights the importance of aspects of the past, which inform the current issues facing black women. The writings of American black feminists emphasise the influence of the powerful legacy of slavery, segregation and the civil rights movement on gender inequalities in the black community. They point out that early black groups of women at the early part of the century supported the campaign for womens rights, but realised that the question of race needed recognition. Black women have always suffered from discriminated based on their skin colour and gender. In recent years, black women have not been central to the womens liberation movement, taking control of their identities much less, than of concepts of their race. The oppression of black women is visible in different locations compared to that of white women. Black feminism argues, therefore, that any theory of gender equality, which does not consider racism, should not claim to explain black womens oppression adequately. Class dimensions are another factor, which needed acknowledgement, particularly, in the case of the black women, also black women in the labour market, which will be touched upon further in the essay. Some black feminists have understood the strength of black feminist theory to be the focus on the relationship between race, class, and gender concerns, (Anthony Giddens 2001:118). We will write a custom essay sample on Black Feminism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Black Feminism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Black Feminism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A major division in western Black feminism thought, particularly for the British context, is that between the language and politics of the United States and Britain; for the principle of United States politics, Black is a term referring to the African-American population. In Britain, Black is a political category often describing Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans, with often a wider inclusion of non-white people. The changing meanings of Black as a racial, cultural, national, or political term, has implications for the development and meanings of Black feminisms. The relationship between the terms Black and feminism allows for sustained critique, both of the feminist movement and identities, and of Black politics, (Kadiatu Kanneh 1998: 86,87). Beverly Guy Shefell a feminist writer argues that black womens experiences in both racial and gender oppression resulted in needs and problems separate from white women and black men and that black women must struggle for equality as both women and African Americans, (www. hsph. harvard. edu/organisation/healthnet/woc/feminism/collins2html). The black womens critique of history has not only involved them coming to terms with absences, black women have also been annoyed by the ways in which it has made black women visible. History has constructed their sexuality and femininity as deviating from those qualities with which white women, as prize objects of the western world, were bestowed. Black feminist have forever demanded that the persistence of racism receive acknowledgement as an arrangement feature of their relationships with white women.

War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620

War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620 Free Online Research Papers J.R. Hale’s book, War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620, shows that the purpose of wars in Renaissance Europe was not to gain superiority over other people, but to gain wealth and power. Throughout the book the main theme was how the ending of a war and the beginning of another war affected society. Hale divided the book into three main parts: analysis of military reformation, the political and socioeconomic impact of the 100 years war on Renaissance Europe, and the impact of war on common life. For the most part the book’s main purpose was to analyze not only the effects of war on the common people and Europe. J.R. Hale attended Jesus College, Oxford, where he obtained his bachelors (1948) and masters (1953) degrees. He then moved to the United States where he attended Johns Hopkins University and Harvard. He was a Fellow in the British Academy and an Emeritus Professor of Italian History at University College, London. This is where he became the head of the Italian Department from 1970 until he retired in 1988. Soon after he became the first history professor at Warwick University in Coventry, England. He taught at many universities including the American universities Cornell, and U.C. Berkeley. Among the many books he wrote, his most well-known was Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. The war caused a division between religious and political institutions that had never existed before to this extent. This divided not only the military, but the common people had to choose between Church of England and Rome. Do they go with the Church of England or Rome? Hale’s book was way above this reviewer’s level of expertise because it was written for scholars in need of higher level analysis of a complicated part of European history. As far as one can see, the book is straight-forward and is well organized as was stated at the beginning of this paper. Hale delved expertly into the details of the causes and effects of war during the Renaissance. The bibliography is extensive and Hale backs up the content of his book. In fact, it would seem that Hale took some of the information and came up with many original ideas. These new ideas can found in other books written after Hale’s book was published that rely on his ideas for the bases of their own books. It a ppears that the majority of the bibliography comes from secondary sources with a few primary sources mixed in. As stated before, Hale sets in detail the effects of war on society. In fact, he begins with a broad overview about the effects of war on the economy, nobility, and the common man. He starts out the book with a broad overview of why there were wars. This is meant as a preface to the rest of the book. He writes about wars with the bases in religion. Hale explains clearly the importance of the clergy during war time as it was necessary for the king to have the clergy’s backing to support his causes. Hale starts with the start of the Holy Wars and the Crusades and how wars evolved throughout medieval times and into the Renaissance. At this point in history, the people still looked up to the clergy. Religion was still central in everyone’s lives. Hale continues to explain the importance of the 2nd Estate for the king’s war efforts. The king relied on the aristocracy not only for monetary reasons but also for their leadership to organize and lead the troops. The second chapter of the book is about the military reformation: How the troops that were raised in the 1300’s to the 1400’s changed gradually. The king needed the aristocracy for their leadership but it would not come at great cost. The nobility wanted their due. Throughout the chapter it is eventually stated that the armies in the late 1500’s were of a more permanent type. This facts in this chapter shows, in this reviewer’s opinion, that very little of the chapter is based on the author’s bias. The information is corroborated through other works including, Institutions Militaires de la France Avant les Armees Permanentes. The next chapter went into more detail about how recruitment was influenced by the 2nd Estate- the aristocracy. The main idea continues to mention the problem in numbers and how difficult it was to raise a proper militia. There was always a danger of hiring the more dangerous mercenaries. The aristocracy hired the militia. Hale then states that because there was a limit to how many mercenaries they could hire, they forced the 3rd Estate (the commoners who were still tenants and/or servants) to serve in the local militia. This led to a draft of sorts that was called â€Å"conscription.† Most of Hale’s sources agreed that this is a well-known fact. Most of the chapter is focused on the ability to raise a proper militia. Some of the noblemen who had many that served them could easily have many numbers that were conscripted. The opposite was true of the smaller landowners who had quite a difficult time raising proper numbers. More importantly due to the small numbers that small landowners had, the landowners forced the tenant farmers to join their personal armies. The Hundred Years War caused these farmers to change, and they slowly became loyal to the nation rather than the landowners. This effect in turn caused the nation-statehood society to form. The people at the beginning of the war were loyal to their feudal lords regardless of what happened. The Hundred Years War caused them to change, and they also slowly became loyal to their nation rather than the landowners. This caused a division between religious and political institutions that had never existed before to this extent that divided not only the military, but made the common people have to pick a side, the Church of England or Rome. This idea reemphasizes with Chapter Seven where Hale discusses at length the effect of the war on the subjects. The Hundred Years War was sporadic; on the other hand, the wars that resulted from this conflict perva ded daily life. According to Hale, â€Å"the most drastic and direct civilian confrontation with the military was the siege† (Hale 191). Therefore, reasoning behind this is, if the civilians were not in a walled city, the military took everything. If the citizens were in a walled city, they had a much better chance of defeating the military. The thesis of this chapter was that people invented an enemy to keep the city together. Sounds familiar, doesn’t it (if someone who remembers the weapons of mass destruction in the Iraq this reviewer War)? The final section of the book deals with the socioeconomic impact of the war on the commoners and military. Hale goes on to explain how the funding of the wars was raised. This included the idea of raising taxes and bonds. This in turn caused the rise of the European banks; the most famous perhaps would be the family of the Medici’s. The Medic this reviewer family was perhaps the most powerful banking family in Renaissance Europe. Their bank in fact was more of a fortress. Personally, this reviewer cannot say the book is reliable because the writer cannot verify if the information is true do to the fact that the reviewer has no previous knowledge on the subject matter, and can only base ones opinion from what was presented in this book. However, based on the books that came after War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620 on this subject, none of the information has been refuted. However, Hale uses the evidence with care and discrimination. He uses it with care and discrimination because, in some instances, Hale states the information may not be reliable. He is so meticulous, even the minutest detail is verified by an outside source. For example, Hale directly quotes Machiavelli’s The Art of War, which is considered by many historians to be a primary source. He is fair to all sides. This is evident because he writes about it from the military point of view and the civilian point of view. He does not write based on what he thinks, he writes based on the fact presented to him by authors on the subject previous to his time. The foundation of the book is â€Å"The repercussions of war through society as a whole, and a look at the technical nature of combat† (Hale 45). The central theme of chapter two is how difficult it was to recruit enough men that were qualified to fight. Throughout the book Hale provided many examples of fairness. For example, â€Å"The military tone and effectiveness suffered from three major failings: abuse of the leave system, corruption amongst pay masters, captains, the infrequency of governmental inspections to check, going native on the spot, blending, through cohabitation or marriage, and a second, civilian job† (Hale 134-135). The thesis was well supported by the examples this reviewer has already stated. The author did indeed persuade the reviewer in certain parts, but not in others. For example, in chapter two, the author presents a large amount of information about how the at the beginning of the period between the two wars the armies were less permanent and more of a volunteer army, but by the mid 1500’s the armies became much more permanent. It is difficult to refute the information when the reader was presented with so many concrete examples. However, since the reviewer has such limited background knowledge, there still remain many questions. The material of the book is presented well because the chapters are well defined. The book was extremely difficult to understand, because it was written for a graduate level class at U.C. Berkeley, not for this high school student. The author does not use simple terms: for example, â€Å"Compared with the spasmodic nature of the Hundred Years War, the Wars of Italy and the Netherlands, were almost unremitting molestations of normal life† (Hale 175). The book did not really contribute to the reader’s understanding of history. This reviewer would recommend this book to another student because it is a wealth of knowledge on the socioeconomic impact of the Hundred Years War on the commoners and the military. Overall the book was very intriguing. This reviewer learned much about the Hundred Years War. J.R. Hale is perhaps the most prolific writer on Renaissance Europe in the last 50 years. He taught at most of the major Universities in England and The United States. His breadth of knowledge is unsurpassed in scholarly circles. The amount of information presented in this book is overwhelming to the novice historian. This reviewer would have no qualms about referring this book to anybody. In this book the reader learns about the three major effects of war on society. The facts are complex and the only way to understand the information is to find it in other books dealing with the same subject matter. Bibliography Gormley, Larry. The Hundred Years War: Overview. ehistory (2001): 1-3. Web. 8 Nov 2010. . Hale , J.R. War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620. 2nd. Guernsey, Channel Islands, Great Britain: McGill Queens University Press, 1985. 1-286. Print. Shrier, Patrick. The Hundred Years War: An analysis of the Causes and Conduct of the Longest European War. Military History Online .com (2007): 1-7. Web. 8 Nov 2010. . John Rigby Hale Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, 11 Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Dec. 2010.

10 points about three different materials Essay

10 points about three different materials - Essay Example The author had reviewed many Hollywood films before writing the book centering the developments identified since the early ages till the current era 3. Earlier, movies depicted the Arab lifestyle as backward in comparison to the western cultures, reflecting upon the magic inspired traditional values of Arabian businessmen travelling in the floating carpet for the purpose of trade 4. During the year 1979-2000, the Hollywood movies used to cast an Arab personality in their movie where the Arabs were portrayed to travel to the US and spent a lot of money to lead a luxurious life, showing non-negligible obsession for the American women in the US 5. Jack Valenti, the Chairman of the Motion Pictures of America denoted that Washington and Hollywood come from the same DNA 6. Unlike the previous ones, the recent Hollywood movies show terror created by the Arabs residing in the America involving female members of the society as participating in terror activities such as kidnapping and killing of the US soldiers. 7. One of the movies also showed an incident, where the Arab Muslims had burned the national flag of the US in front of the US Embassy Reflecting upon the conflict placed today between the two cultures 8. The Hollywood movie, titled â€Å"The Delta Force† released in the year 1986, revealed an incident where an American aircraft was hijacked containing Jewish passengers majorly 9. The most dreadful situation observed in the article was that in a certain period, the Palestinians had to stay as a refugee in America and were brutally treated by the US soldiers 10. The other movie titled â€Å"Rules of Engagement† in 2000 also reflects a major fight among the Palestinians and the US Armed Force, strongly conveying the absence of humanity among the people engaged in war (YouTube, â€Å"Reel Bad Arabs - How Hollywood Vilifies a People†) QUESTION 2 The news article, titled â€Å"50 Amazing Mosques From Around the World (PHOTOS)†, reflects on how a place of worship, symbolized with a mosque, was constructed in the ancient era. Usually, the design of the mosque contained minarets and the domes, which add beauty to its complex, geometric designing. When describing the beauty of a holy place, the 13th century Persian poet, Rumi described that mosques are surrounded with beauty everywhere. By the end, Yasmine Hafiz, in this article intends to create a comparison among the two holy places of Islam and Christianity (Hafiz, â€Å"50 Amazing Mosques From Around the World (PHOTOS)†). Unlike Yasmine Hafiz, Aroosa Shaukat has emphasized the unity within Christians and Muslims in front of the St. Anthony’s Church rather than highlighting the differences amid them. This article thereafter, bases on historic evidences with the intention to advocate that the Muslims have stood beside the Christians in the time of their need. The article narrates that there was a suicide attack on the Saints after the end of the Sunday mas s, which was marked as one of the biggest attacks on the Christians in the history. Shaukat has also given a view where it can be observed that the Muslims can also stand beside the Christians in time of need; thus, pointing to a fluctuating relationship within the two cultures (Shaukat, â€Å"Pakistani Muslims Form Human Chain to Protect Christians during Mass (PHOTOS)†). In the third article â€Å"Jews vs. Muslims†, author Rabbi Levi Welton has described about the fight between the Jews and the Muslims with the motive to attain political benefits. The article thus argues that at often instances, the corrupt leaders tend to compromise citizens’ welfare needs to meet their personal benefit, which is irrespective of their religious stance. It further argues that the real purpose of the religion is the peace and love persisting among people, rather than the

Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers Essay

Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers - Essay Example In China, Confucian ethics may be found intertwined with advertising messages. Chinese culture favours the Yin-Yang concept, that is, the existence of opposites by virtue of each other, and between which a balance must be attained. In the U.S., the emphasis is more on competition, and brand positioning focuses on a single core appeal, which is either one that is rational or one that is emotional (Zhou & Dou, 2007), but seldom the two together. Confucian ethics embraces the holistic approach, espousing both qing (emotion) as well as li (reason), a feature which is almost always jointly observed in Chinese advertising (Yinjiao, 2006). Advertising is often ‘complicated, cultures-specific’ and particular in politeness behaviour that impacts directly on ethical issues when the advertisers are foreigners (Zhu, 2009, p. 517). Easily, the advertisement depicted here is both emotional and informative – emotion by way of humour, and information in the slogan and the picture of the bottle of medicine at the lower right-hand corner. Confucian teaching has also always been linked to serenity and balance in life, the same attributes that are reflected in these advertisements. These are at once communicated to the viewer by the visual advertisements. However, there is a hidden piece of humour in these ads that are lost to foreigners. The product is a Sanjiu, a muscle and joints pain relief medication. The slogan, written in Chinese characters, directly translates to ‘Reverse the pain’ which would have been better translated into the English: ‘eliminate’ or ‘diminish the pain’. The word ‘reversal’ would have been proper in the Chinese language, for which the pictures... This "Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers" essay describes the differences between approaches to the advertisement in China and the USA. Confucian teaching has also always been linked to serenity and balance in life, the same attributes that are reflected in these advertisements. These are at once communicated to the viewer by the visual advertisements. However, there is a hidden piece of humour in these ads that are lost to foreigners. The product is a Sanjiu, a muscle and joints pain relief medication. The slogan, written in Chinese characters, directly translates to ‘Reverse the pain’ which would have been better translated into the English: ‘eliminate’ or ‘diminish the pain’. The word ‘reversal’ would have been proper in the Chinese language, for which the pictures are metaphors. For English speakers, the pictures are not so much ‘reversed’ as they are ‘inverted.’ Maybe a vis ual which would be more consistent to the English meaning of reversal would be somebody running backwards, as in reversal through time. In English, the word ‘reversal’ conveys a process, so someone doing something backward would be reversal. The inversion shown in the pictures conveys more a world out of order, an illogical or topsy-turvy affair where nothing is as it should be. From the point of view of Chinese viewers, however, the message, and the humour, is clear, that the product ‘reverses’ the pain so that there is no more pain, so the world is ‘reversed’ and the person is able to resume his/her physical activity.

The Future of Drug Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future of Drug Policy - Assignment Example The use of drugs and alcohol in North Dakota was said to be very high in 2005 and 2006. Marijuana was the most commonly used drug in the state in 2010. Thus there are many measures taken to establish policies for controlling drug use and drug prohibition. Prescription drug use is becoming a big problem for the whole nation. There is a national prescription drug usage prevention plan which restricts prescription usage by monitoring programs, promoting and recommending safer and more convenient disposal methods to dispose unneeded medicines from homes, and spreading education and awareness for the healthcare providers and patients. The prescription drug monitoring program in North Dakota became operational in 2008. The states were also encouraged to adopt Per Se standards for impairment making it illegal to drive after the use of illegal drugs. However, North Dakota doesn’t have a Per Se standard as yet but its law states that a person is not allowed to drive under the influence any drug which makes the person incapable of driving safely. In North Dakota possession of less than half ounce of illegal substance is punishable by a fine of $1,000 and sentence of maximum 30 days while possessing less than half an ounce while driving a motor vehicle is punishable by a 1 year sentence maximum and a fine of $1,000. Possession of up to 500 grams is punishable under a sentence of 5 years maximum and a fine of $5,000. Possession of more than 500 grams of marijuana is punishable by 10 years of maximum sentence and a fine of $10,000. Similarly, the sale of marijuana may also lead to severe punishments of up to 20 years of imprisonment which increases as the intensity of the offense increases.

Domestic tourism in India

Domestic tourism in India METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION This chapter is very essential in enabling the researcher achieve aims and objectives of this dissertation. So first lay down the fundamental aim followed by its objectives. Then go through understanding what research is and discuss the different types of research methods that are used in this study. For instance discussion is carried out on the various accessed secondary research data and primary research data collection method by looking at quantitative research method of survey questionnaire and justifying the choice of selection of the research method. The emphasis on questionnaire design and layout will be considered alongside projecting the significance of pilot testing before the questionnaire is distributed. The chapter also illuminate on substantiate sampling and selected computer software for data analysis. And finally portray the various research limitations. Aim and Objectives Aim of this research is to find out the motivational factors behind domestic tourism in India. And in order to achieve the aim it is important to fulfil the various objectives of this research which are: To examine the several motivational and consumer behaviour studies within the context of the tourism industry. Analysing the trends of domestic tourism in India. To examine the motivational factors/ perceptions and attitudes towards domestic tourism in Mumbai city in India. To compare and contrast the motivational factors underpinning domestic tourism identified within the literature, with those identified by the primary data analysis for India. To examine the implications of the findings of this research for the future of domestic tourism activity in India. Now having looked at the aim of the research and its objectives, it is necessary to differentiate the salient features of the secondary research data with that of the primary research as they form to help analyse the outcome of this research findings. Secondary Research Secondary research data is collection of work that is done and published by some researcher which is available for others researchers to use in their study (Jennings, 2001). Hakim (1982) defined secondary research as further analysis of an existing dataset which presents interpretations, conclusions, or knowledge additional to, or different from, those presented in the first report on the inquiry as a whole and its main results. Secondary data is very important prior to going into primary data as one can avoid repetition of the same data so as to cross check and see to it that the data that is being collected is not already available in secondary resource (Finn et al 2000). The sources of secondary data can be collected from various sources with advice from the concerned subject professor and librarian along with the help of internet, classmates and bibliographies of the literature that is read in various sources like books, journals etc (Silverman, 2005). As Jennings (2001) also poi nted out the key advantages of secondary data collection which consisted of: Easy and quick accessibility to the available information. Quality of data acquired is of high standard when cross referred from peer sources. Information is gathered for a very low cost. Less time consuming process. Provides the opportunity to re-examine the findings. Using the data is convenient. The secondary data used in this study was obtained from various resources affiliated and available through the Bournemouth University library catalogue. So as to represent only authentic data in my study I have used tried to refer and use mostly work and studies done by reputed authors or organisations. The information that has been obtained are of sources ranging from: Books: All the books referred were from the Bournemouth University library and some of which were e books available on internet. The books referred ranged from topic covering tourism, consumer behaviour, psychology, and motivation and research methods. Academic Journals: Journals showcasing several articles published of most recent and authentic information was accessed and utilised which were mostly derived through various online journals like Sage publications, EBSCO host, Science Direct from Athens database. Published documents and reports: Data derived from several reports published by organisations like WTO, Ministry of Tourism (India), Indian Government publications were utilised in supporting my study. Internet and electronic database: While using the internet source the fact of authentic reliability was highly regarded and hence very few information was utilised through internet. Most of the data utilised was obtained from electronic data source on subjects relating to tourism and motivation which was again acquired with the help of Athens Database. But it is also very essential that one realise the threat lying in utilising secondary data for instance Jennings (2001) revealed some issues relating disadvantages like incomplete available data, the reliability factor, and confirmation on validity of information or the data might become out of date. So being aware of the setbacks of secondary data was keenly observed while utilising it for the study and was only used in supporting and guiding to understand the literature behind the topic. Primary Research Primary data is the information that is gathered from the field of research carried out and developed by a researcher for their own research (Burns and Bush, 2000). Cohen et al (2007) described primary source to be items having direct relationship with reconstruction of events which comprise of oral and written testimony collected from the participants. Jennings (2001) pointed out the potential benefits of primary data lie in the ease of studying a large population analysis with out much bias. And there are two major methods of conducting a primary research that are quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Researchers gather first hand information through various methods, then collect and arrange them in order and then analyse them to use in their study. This is popularly known as primary research and hence to carryout that it is very necessary for the researcher to consider the nature of their study and chose the right research method (Jennings, 2001). Primary data collection methods chiefly consist of two types: quantitative and qualitative methods (Finn et al 2000). In order to select the right primary research method for study it is important to understand the differences between the both research methods. According to Jennings (2001) listed the difference between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Where he explained that research approach in quantitative is deductive in nature which means that theories and concepts are already available through the past data using which researcher conducts a hypothesis to test these concepts through data collection and analysis. Qualitative research takes a more inductive approach where the researcher develops theories and concepts through observation and brings out ideas thorough observing the collected data rather than predetermined ideas. Quantitative research undertakes the hypothetical testing by observer to be objective to come to a conclusion with structured, systematic design of the research which can be replicable but whereas qualitative research depends more on the subjective view of the ground reality and the research seems to be unstructured with recent developing changes being applied as they emerge during the course. The focus of the research for a quantitative research is variable when compared qualitative research which depends on specific study themes. While selecting participants to carryout the research quantitative research randomly selects the participants but qualitative research chooses its participants with several considerations being specific to them. The representation of data and findings put forth through quantitative research is numeric in nature which can be statistically analysed with the help of graphic representation like statistical tables and graphs. But qualitative research approach represents data through textual form which is more narrative in nature. And lastly the finding analysis and conclusion is only a representation of the real world in case of quantitative and qualitative research result is a slice of life in the real world. Quantitative research method Having looked at the various differences between the two research methods does not conclude that quantitative research method is better than qualitative or vice versa. Because both have their own advantages and disadvantages depending upon the type of research and study a researcher is undertaking certain phenomenon might be better studied in qualitative and some with quantitative analysis (Muijs 2004). Veals (1997) stated that qualitative study approach which consists of focusing on observation of depth interviews does not support the cause of a study when the researcher aims to project a common statement of analysis regarding large groups of population. Keeping in mind the fact that this study deals with quantifying the several motivational factors for domestic tourist in India and so it would include dealing large population groups to try and assessing their motivational factors. Hence it would be appropriate to utilise quantitative approach towards the study would enable the rese archer to bring out the finds in the form of statistical data analysis. Questionnaire Survey Burns and Bush (2000) referred quantitative research to be a survey research involving usage of structured questions whose responses are predetermined and it involves correspondence of large number of respondents. Saunders et al (2003) highlighted that any kind of research would usually involve some numeric data that can be utilised to respond to the questions arise in the research and Veal (1997) also stated that quantitative analysis is widely preferred and used research method in tourism and leisure industry to gather individual information with help of a designed list of questions which are put through the survey participants. Gillham (2000) showcased some advantages of using questionnaires saying it could be cost effective and can save a lot of time as it helps to gather mass amount of information in a limited and short frame of time. It proves to be more convenient for the anonymously selected survey respondents to answer closed ended questions straight away without any biased reaction towards it unlike interviews which can induce biased opinions at times during the course of the interview. As the designed questionnaire contains the same set of questions repeated for all the respondents to answer so it becomes easier to compare and contrast the responses to asses and analyse the results and its trends. But it is also necessary to understand the possible setbacks which can occur while applying this approach to the study which Gillham (2000) correctly pointed out by explaining that while conducting a survey the researcher would often have to deal with certain negative features which could include issues where quality and accuracy of data cannon be guaranteed if the questionnaire is not properly designed. As the questions should be short and simple for the respondents to understand and reply and sometimes the seriousness of response to the questions is also always an issue of apprehension. Ryan (1995) also stated that it is very essential for a researcher to go through the survey process very circumspectly if it is conducted through a questionnaire because once the responses are collected one can neither refer back to them for understanding their responses nor fabricate or correct the responses if they have been misinterpreted by the respondents. So in order to carryout a research bou nd by time constraints like identifying the various motivational factors of domestic tourism in India does recommend developing a questionnaire to conduct a survey keeping in mind all these potential threats. So the questionnaire should be carefully studied and design layout should be properly done specifically considering the usage of right choice of wording before it is distributed for the survey. Questionnaire Design, Layout and Pilot Testing Having considered the various pros and cons of developing a questionnaire for a survey above it is also very essential to carefully layout a design for a questionnaire. It is very important to review what questions will be addressed in the questionnaire. There can be different types of questions asked so it is very important to asses the type of questions because the outcome of information depends on the collection of data (Brace 2008). Pizam and Ellis (1999) stated that questions obtaining basic profile information form a vital part of the questionnaire along with the other collected information of the respondents attitudes and behaviour. So the online questionnaire which is developed would also asses the demographic information of the participants along with others. The questionnaire would consist of 19 questions and would consist of following sections asking various questions like Personal Information Travel pattern Motivation sources Experience and satisfaction measurement Future activity The designed questionnaire mostly consists of closed ended questions to help and enable respondents to respond to them quickly and not consuming much of their valuable time. Brace (2008) also suggested that researchers analysing behaviour analysis would normally go for closed ended questions and it seems to be a popular option preferred as the respondents have to just tick or select the boxes to respond to the questions which leaves least room for error and confusion and the data can be easily assessed later on. Most of the closed questions in this study included different types of question pattern like checklist, Likert scale and attitude scale to asses the attitude and behaviour of the tourist. And Churchill (1999) identified coding to be more useful and handy while doing questionnaire because if the questions are arranged, designed and laid out properly with wording taken care off with choice of answers being represented in numbers and codes through any computer software then it w ould be very effortless to collect the data and analyse with a computer coding software. To carryout this survey electronic email was chosen as the most suited method to survey considering the fact that the researcher is far away from the country where the survey is going to be conducted and also baring in mind the expenses and time constraints. Sproull (1986 cited Thach 1995) stated that electronic survey can be beneficial particularly in survey research and identified four key characteristics of electronic email which were Speed It much easier and faster to send questionnaires through email to any part of the world in seconds and hence the reply would also be fast once the questions are answered. Asynchronous communication The communication of message can be sent and received at convenience as it gives an option to the participants to reply at their ease when they are free. They can leisurely think and answer the questions. And not be tied down to be replied instantly and make them loose their valuable time. No intermediaries In several cases the mails sent by post or interviews could be rejected or filtered by the assistants and secretaries of the concerned personnel so there are more chances of mails being directly sent to the concerned person and they open it directly. But even this is being monitored in recent changes but there are more chances when compared to the other ways considering the fact that it would reach faster. Ephemerality Ephemerality explains the fact that an online questionnaire can be deleted at any time with ease and hence would have no trace in the form of hard copy of it once it is deleted unless someone saves and prints out on a paper. So when the respondents complete the survey and send them they can delete them at their will and dont need to bother much about it once it is done unlike the posted mails. Pilot testing the questionnaire is very essential before the questionnaire is actually distributed amongst the population. Piloting tests two key features of a questionnaire that are reliability where the questionnaire is considered to be reliable depending upon the amount of consistency that shows in the responses that are received and validity where its considered to be valid if the researcher gets the evaluation right that the questionnaire was originally destined for Brace (2008). This helps the researcher to evidently identify the problems related to respondents leaving out certain questions unanswered and also asses the satisfactory reception of information for the respondents to understand and answer (Bryman, 2001). It also helps in explaining if the respondents understand the wordings and certain terms in the questions and if the questions have a flow of pattern, then the amount of time that is consumed for replying the questions and it gives a clear picture of which approach of data analysis to carryout one the responses are collected Jennings (2001). Hence in order to do the pilot testing the questionnaires were first sent through email to 10 respondents to try and check the quality and understand the responses. Based on the received responses minor changes were done to the questionnaire for fine tuning. Sampling Researchers must carryout sampling well in advance in the course of research as several aspects like time constraints, money expenses and the ease of access to carryout the survey are always certain setbacks and restrictions which reoccur. These prevent the researcher to limit oneself to measuring analysis of only a small and compartment representation of a true population and often not the total population (Cohen et al 2007). In this study it is virtually impossible to carryout the research across the whole of India with its mammoth population representation alongside its diverse culture and languages pertaining to their geographical locations. Hence to make it convenient for the researcher the survey was carried out within the boundary of limitation selecting only one city as the representative. Mumbai city was selected to be the location for selecting sample population as the city is widely popular across the world in spite of not being the administrative capital city of India. Th ough the people of Mumbai city alone does not form the collective attitude and behaviour of the whole country but this could be considered to be the closest that one can get to understanding the behaviour of the Population in India considering the limitations of the research. Data Analysis The data of this research which is collected with the help of quantitative research method of questionnaire will be analysed by going through the responses received and drawing comparisons with the studied literature review. As Ryan (1995) suggested that it is very important to keep in mind the prime aims and objectives of the research while interpreting the data through statistical representation. Quantitative research data analysis is most effective when it represents various variables in the form of statistical and numerical projections (Jennings 2001). Hence this research data is best suited to be analysed with the help of SPSS computer software. Along with this data analysis conclusions will be drawn from the secondary data as well to get an understanding on the behavioural pattern and provide a scope for further study. Having looked at data analysis methods in this section it is also essential to identify the various limitations that hinder the research. Limitation of the Research One of the major limitation for this research is the generalisation of the Indias population as it seems virtually impossible to carryout the survey all the throughout the country. Considering the fact that it is a very huge country with a huge population and even with the best efforts with no time limits can still not bring out the true picture. Hence the survey was restricted to only Mumbai city. Another major constrain for the researcher was the accessibility to information regarding domestic tourism in India. There has been very little research done on the aspect of domestic tourism in India hence to gather information related to concerned topics was very difficult and limited. Part of the information and data was collected from the government publications and several online articles published by various researchers. Considering the fact that the researcher is far away from the geographical location of the survey being conducted and considering the limited time and cost effectiveness in travelling to carryout the survey in person would have been difficult. So the survey was conducted by emailing the questionnaires to the people known to the researcher and there by asking those collective members to distribute the questionnaire across to their contacts to respond. But even the electronic survey systems had their share of problems as Veal (2006) pointed out that the surveys conducted online through emailing the questionnaire have resulted in very poor response rates in the modern trend so keeping in mind the less response rate the questionnaire was sent to as many contacts as possible and it succeeded in collecting 100 responses. Issues relating to the questionnaire design were identified as another limitation as several responses did not respond to all the questions as it entirely depends on the d ifferent educational levels of understanding of the respondents which could have led to misinterpretation and confusion of the questions Chapter Summary This chapter presented the aims of the research to clearly identify the various objectives that are supposed to achieve. Then it talks about the research methods undertaken in acquiring past data and understanding the literature behind the topic through secondary research methods. Also explaining the primary research methods researcher detailed the different approach towards acquiring data collection. In order to do that it also speaks about the questionnaire designing and layout of the questions to be asked. Then it highlights the essentiality of pilot testing the prepared questionnaire and then sampling of the survey and how the collected data was analysed. Finally it showcases the several limitation of this research that was carefully measured. The following chapter will present the main findings and analysis of the data that was collected from the surveyed questionnaire. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K., 2007, Research methods in education, 6th ed. London: Routledge. Brace, I., 2008. Questionnaire Design: How to Plan, Structure and Write Survey Material for Effective Market Research. 2nd Ed. London: Kogan Page [online] Available from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bournemouth/docDetail.action?docID=10250416 [Accessed on 20th March 2010] Bryman, A., 2001. Social research methods. New York: Oxford University Press. Burns, A. and Bush, R.(2000)Marketing research 3rd ed. London: Prentice Hall Churchill, A. (1999) Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations, 6th ed. Fortworth, TX: Dryden Press. Finn, M., Elliot-White, M. and Walton, M., 2000, Tourism Leisure Research Methods: Data collection, analysis and interpretation. Essex: Pearson Gillham, B., 2000. Developing a questionnaire. London: Continuum. Hakim, C. (1982): Secondary Analysis in Social Research: A Guide to Data Sources and Methods with Examples, London, Allen Unwin. Jennings, G., 2001. Tourism research. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd Muijs, D., 2004. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. London: Sage Publications. Available from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bournemouth/docDetail.action?docID=10080884p00=quantitative%20research [Accessed 20th march 2010] Ryan, C., 1995. Researching tourist satisfaction: issues, concepts, problems. London: Routledge. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., 2003. Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd ed, Harlow, Prentice Hall Financial Times. Silverman, D., 2005. Doing Qualitative Research: A practical handbook. 2nd ed. London: Sage Thach , L. 1995. Using Electronic Mail to Conduct Survey Research. Educational Technology -Saddle Brook NJ. 35 (2), 27 [online] Available from: http://www.ali.iup.edu/DJT/graduatestudy/PDF/usingelectronicmail.pdf [Accessed on 25th March 2010] Veal, A.J., 1997. Research methods for leisure and tourism: a practical guide. 2nd ed. London: Financial Times

Do the family and the peer group play important roles in the reproduction of violence in everyday practice? :: essays research papers

The term violence doesn’t necessarily have a fixed definition; it can be interpreted in many ways and the understanding of violence changes from person to person, circumstance to circumstance†¦. What one man may see as a violent act, the next man may disagree. A violent act cannot, â€Å"amount to a criminal offence unless at least some observer considered it to be justified.† (1) One has to consider whether the violent act was committed intentionally, recklessly or accidentally. The word aggression is often synonymous with violence, yet we are encouraged to channel aggression properly and put it into practices in fields such as sport and business. This can be dangerous as â€Å"aggressive tendencies develop in many people†¦ in an increasingly competitive world† (2) the most important factor here is that both violence and aggression are attempts to impose dominance. (3) The various interpretations of violence can be best put simply into four categories ; physically defensive, where violence is seen as the only way to prevent injury to one’s self. The defining emotion here is fear; frustrative, where the victim is seen as uncooperative or resistant. The defining emotion here is anger; malefic, where the victim is seen as disrespectful or contemptuous. The defining emotion here is hatred; and frustrative-malefic where anger is displaced by hatred. Juvenile violent crime today often heavily involves the usage of weapons, In particular knives. The crimes of juveniles are often a lot more violent than years previous and we can draw on examples from the murder of Jamie Bulger and Damiola Taylor. Although these, at large, are restricted (and high profile) cases there is still a growing feeling that juveniles today are more competitive on the â€Å"streets† and are getting involved in violence as a means to impress fellow peers through gaining a reputation and also getting more desperate in search of material goods such as mobile phones. Both these factors have always been key in the growing-up process of adolescents. Peer group influence is well established especially regarding drugs and alcohol. It can also extend to bullying behaviour- which can also be a response by a child who, themselves, is being bullied at home by an over-bearing parent. In this way the child uses bullying as a release, out of frustration with conditi ons at home. Bullying can also be attributed to part of growing up. A lot of bullies are regular children, with no history of violence or abuse, who simply try to impress their peers by physically and mentally attacking a child whom they deem weaker than them.

A Whole New Mind

Pink has presented sharp scientific evidence in his book A Whole New Mind that comes as common knowledge to the majority of us in our society. He also stressed the several capabilities of right-brain thinking such as creativity, artistry, empathy, inventiveness, and overall big picture viewpoints. I noticed that Pink failed to mention any historical aspects before the 1900’s. For example; during the European Renaissance numerous right-brain thinking characters sprouted with many ideas for the world. These characters include painters, sculptors, inventors, musicians, and writers all across Europe. We all know, however, that the European Renaissance came and went. What will this new Conceptual Age produce differently than the faded right-dominance of the European Renaissance years? Looking back in time between the years of 1400-1550 the geniuses of this world contributed to the life we live in now. I only say this because if they weren’t important to our society today than we wouldn’t have had to learn about them during our high school years or even our college years. A brilliant inventor, painter, musician, and mathemation Leonardo da Vinci is one man who seems to have a great grasp of life in all his talents. He along with many other philosophers of that era seemed to fit the description of what I feel Pink suggests we should obtain throughout our lives to be successful and to lead our life in a way to help not only our generation but for the generations after ours as well. As we have studied in countless texts in high school about the several factors for the downfall of the European Renaissance and the complications after that time we should feel troubled to once again attempt to shift our minds. Right-brain thinking is an aged solution. Pink’s proposal is one we have already gone through but is introduced in a business-like manner unlike the European Renaissance. How are we supposed to know that the Conceptual Age will not increase the desire to create machines that will replace the art industry, so that beauty can be drawn in an instant? I think that Pink’s transition solution from the Information Age to the Conceptual Age should be revised to explain more of what he has missed in his book that had me puzzled.

Wal-Marts Women essays

Wal-Marts Women essays When six females filed a class action discrimination lawsuit against Wal-Mart in 2004, they were not just looking out for their own interests; they were in fact standing up for 1.6 million other women who worked for and were allegedly treated unfairly by Wal-Mart after December 26, 1998. The suit alleges that Wal-Mart in effect has lived under a corporate management culture that discriminates against female employees in matters of pay, promotions, training for management positions, and job assignments. The suit was filed in U.S. District Court, and the judge ruled that the women could ask for back pay and compensation for those 1.6 million women. This paper points to the facts of the case, many of which have been presented cogently and graphically by a professor from the University of California at Hayward, Richard Drogin. Using files and data from Wal-Mart, Drogin has painted a picture of institutional discrimination that cries out for a judgment in favor of the plaintiffs. For example, Drogin shows that only 33 percent of salaried managers are women, and that male hourly workers earn an average of $18,609 a year, while female hourly employees earn only $17,498. At the higher corporate levels, men make far more than women, Drogin demonstrated; a male regional VP earns an average of $419,435, while a female in the same position earns just $279,772 annually. Interestingly, only 10.3% of the regional VPs are female, which is not an indication of a lack of skills or talent on the part of women, but rather is based on institutional discrimination against women at Wal-Mart. The numbers dont lie: women hired for hourly jobs in 1996 earned 35 cents less an hour than men; by 2001, the difference grew, as women on hourly wages earned $1.16 less an hour than men. Women received 2,891 fewer promotions than men in the Support Manager position, and the list of injustice for women goes on and on. The st...

Free Essays on War On Drugs

The â€Å"War on Drugs† in the United States, is a waste of time and a waste of taxpayer’s money. Taxpayers in the United States are paying billions of more money on the war on drugs then, we are for the war in Iraq, far more causalities from the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq and hundreds of more prisoners in the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq. Since the war on drugs began, arrests went up 50% however; the number of users and the supply of drugs stayed the same. President Bush even wanted to spend more money on the war on drugs. Even though, most cities and states can translate back to spending three quarters of their budget on the war on drugs alone. While, our society can still purchase drugs easier then, buying a bottle of alcohol or a pack of cigarettes, it is hurting our society. If we can’t keep drugs out of our prisons then, how can we keep them off our streets? There has to be a better way to fight the war on drugs because we have to fac e it, it is a failure. Incarcerating more and more people for longer and longer amounts of time for drug offences is ridiculous: all we are doing is building more prisoners. We are not reducing the amount of drugs in our country. What is this solving? Nothing. In order to make the war on drugs work, we need to come up with new polices and not keep using the same polices that had failed over and over again. The war on drugs causes a lot of problems including violence in the United States. People don’t understand our drug polices, have a direct relationship to crime. The problem is there can be very large profits made in transporting drugs. People who want to make large profits of money violate our drug laws. This will then make a lot of people who want to make a lot of money violate our drug laws. The transporting and selling of drugs generate into violent crime. Most drug dealers use some sort of intimidation and violence when selling drugs. Violence occurs wh... Free Essays on War On Drugs Free Essays on War On Drugs The â€Å"War on Drugs† in the United States, is a waste of time and a waste of taxpayer’s money. Taxpayers in the United States are paying billions of more money on the war on drugs then, we are for the war in Iraq, far more causalities from the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq and hundreds of more prisoners in the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq. Since the war on drugs began, arrests went up 50% however; the number of users and the supply of drugs stayed the same. President Bush even wanted to spend more money on the war on drugs. Even though, most cities and states can translate back to spending three quarters of their budget on the war on drugs alone. While, our society can still purchase drugs easier then, buying a bottle of alcohol or a pack of cigarettes, it is hurting our society. If we can’t keep drugs out of our prisons then, how can we keep them off our streets? There has to be a better way to fight the war on drugs because we have to fac e it, it is a failure. Incarcerating more and more people for longer and longer amounts of time for drug offences is ridiculous: all we are doing is building more prisoners. We are not reducing the amount of drugs in our country. What is this solving? Nothing. In order to make the war on drugs work, we need to come up with new polices and not keep using the same polices that had failed over and over again. The war on drugs causes a lot of problems including violence in the United States. People don’t understand our drug polices, have a direct relationship to crime. The problem is there can be very large profits made in transporting drugs. People who want to make large profits of money violate our drug laws. This will then make a lot of people who want to make a lot of money violate our drug laws. The transporting and selling of drugs generate into violent crime. Most drug dealers use some sort of intimidation and violence when selling drugs. Violence occurs wh... Free Essays on War On Drugs Americas War on Drugs Today’s Drug laws seem to do more harm than good. The so-called drug war hasn’t seemed to be as effective as it was intended to be. Its original intent lies in its name, to attack the drug problem in America. Nixon started the war on drugs in the late sixties to stop drug abuse at the source, the distributors. Another intention for the war on drugs was to show individuals taking part in this illegal activity that their participation would cause serious consequences. The government has taken drastic measures to keep drugs out of our nations streets, from attacking the frontline in The Columbian drug fields, to making numerous drug busts in urban cities across the United States. However, these harsh but well- intentioned laws have been accused of infringing on America’s freedom. Some believe the people have a natural right to use drugs if the perfectly well chose to do so. Although the war on drugs has been going on for many years, drugs still remain a big problem in the lives of many Americans. Drug offenders as well as abusers are being punished with extreme penalties. Innocent people are suffering because of this. And finally, all the tax dollars going into this war seems to be in vain because its not progressing like it should. The American Government saw that drugs were repressing its citizens, which made them spring into action. The Government wanted to do whatever it took to rid its streets from drugs and crime, which in time the War on Drugs was created. Nixon launched programs with efforts to crackdown on illegal drug use. He created the Office of Drug Abuse and Law Enforcement (ODALE) and the Office of National Narcotics Intelligence (ONNI). In 1973, he also initiated Reorganization Plan No. 2, which changed the BNDD into the Drug Enforcement Administration. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 created five schedules that categorized drugs accor... Free Essays on War On Drugs The War on Drugs For years the â€Å"War on Drugs† has been one of America’s greatest follies. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to enforce drug laws on Americans with no great change in use. This is the wrong way to handle such a problem. Let’s compare drugs to roaches. You cannot possibly exterminate all of the roaches in your house by stomping on every roach that you see. Some roaches never come out in the light and some are eggs yet to hatch, these pests will never be caught even with the most watchful eye. You need to get an exterminator to come and spray the house and probably the outside of the house too, to keep them from coming back. To stop heroin and cocaine from being used in America, we must first eliminate its source. The â€Å"War on Drugs† is not a war against Americans, it’s a war against drugs. The problem is that some Americans use drugs. How can we stop this? There needs to be a multi-national policy instilled to control the production of drug crops. If you leave cookies on the counter over night you’re going to develop an infestation, and if you leave opiates to be produced all through Asia and cocaine to be grown in South America . . . Americans will get a hold of it. The world needs to get together and decide which â€Å"drugs† are worth prohibiting, it also needs to decide which uses are tolerable. Marijuana, for example, is not even considered a drug in many countries and appears to have many medical uses. Morphine and other opiates are used in hospitals around the world and saves people a great deal of pain. Codeine and Lidocaine, cocaine’s little brothers, are often prescribed for pain dealing with dental work. The UN would serve us well to figure out which drugs have the potential to be used in medicines. One way of looking at the drug problem would be from the punishment angle. The UN could decide to impose strict fines on countries found to be cultivating and e...

Personal essay for university application Statement

Essay for university application - Personal Statement Example I am the eldest of the child in my family and first to graduate among brothers and sisters with a bachelor’s degree in marketing with minor in management information system. I am the first female member of my family to graduate however both my parents are educated and well-respected in their own field. My father has a degree in civil engineering and I consider him as my role model to follow his footsteps. Since my family has a private business in real estate and banking sector therefore like my father, I also plan to contribute to my family business of banking. My Grandfather was one of the founders of the Qatar Commercial Bank and by having a degree in Islamic Finance, I plan to join Banking and be part of the exciting and emerging field of Islamic finance which is fast becoming the banking of choice in many countries. During my studies for BBA, I took internship at the United Development Co and my job was in business to business relations. It was a wonderful experience to directly work with the smaller businesses in real life and help them evolve their marketing and business systems so that they can evolve and improve their chances for survival. This experience has allowed me to actually understand what the problems of the businesses are and how little external help can actually provide the lifeline to these firms. I also realized that access to finance is one of the key to the success of these firms. I believe that a degree in Islamic Finance can actually help me to better understand the field of Islamic Finance and how small businesses can actually benefit from this. I also believe that a degree in Islamic Finance can actually help me to bring in innovative and new ideas to my family business and help it grow to serve the wider needs of the Qatar’s economy. My experience, education and family ground allow me to learn the Islamic Finance at highest level and earn a degree which can certainly add

Explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics Essay

Explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics using examples of both to help illustrate your explanation - Essay Example Some of these functions include the standard deviation, median, means, kurtosis, and skew among others. This follows that for the cases of descriptive statistics the population parameters of intrinsic interest are estimated. For instance, calculation of the sample mean and standard deviation act as fundamental instruments or indicators, which are used in estimating the population mean and standard deviation respectively (SELKIRK, 2008). In most cases, these parameters have been cited to be biased in comparison with the ideal estimators; however, an element of utility in estimating the population parameters is attributed to them. Similarly, the descriptive statistics in most cases intends to describe a big chunk of data by providing a summary charts and tables; however, it does not attempt to make any relevant conclusion about the population attributed to the samples. This forms the distinctive feature of descriptive statistics (BLANK, 2008). For instance, a sample of 30 is selected randomly from a population of 300 and the parameters such as means and standard deviation calculated (CONWAY, 2003). These parameters will be used in approximating the population estimators and consequently used in graphs and charts to provide a summary of the data. This is uninformative. On the other hand, from the meaning of the word inference, inferential statistics is the process of reaching a conclusion regarding a parameter. In essence, inferential statistics is characterized by use of functions of the sample data, which help in drawing an inference that concerns a hypothesis regarding a certain population parameter. Some of the classic inferential statistics include z, t, and F-ratio among others. For the case of the hypothesis, we have both the null and alternative hypothesis. In this case, the expected value is immensely influenced by the sample size