The Vietnam War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1598 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Vietnam War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The Things They Carried is a collection of stories fiction and nonfiction told by author Tim OBrian. Through the narratives told through the eyes of his characters, it links them together because of what they carry, but paradoxically it distinguishes them as well. His recollection of short stories conveys the grotesqueness of the Vietnam War, the power stories can have, and the anti-war sentiments felt amongst and other draftees he served with. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Vietnam War" essay for you Create order He emphasizes that war cannot be generalized, and contrasts of the effects of war and what war is like. He has an abundance of major points, often referring to anti-war themes that are seen in many veterans of the Vietnam War. With proclaiming the stories in his novel being untrue in order to emphasize the power of storytelling, there are still underlying messages that are reverberated throughout the story. Themes such the physical and emotional encumbrances, the PTSD and anxiety accompanied from combat, and lives robbed to serve the country. This is further exacerbated by himself and other interviewees of the Ken Burn Series: The Vietnam War, with other primary sources depicting veterans sharing the same feelings. Tim OBrians novel alludes to the many emotional and physical tolls the war has taken on the men in his platoon. The physical toll is the enormous load they carried, their weapons, ammo, ruck sacks, and equipment totaling over 50lbs. The items they carried were of necessity to survive, but often times they would abandon their supplies in order to alleviate their pain. They would dump their rations, set off their claymores, and not wear the issued protective gear such as the helmet and flak jacket because they wanted to become more comfortable. Often times, they would conduct these actions on their marches and during the movements they would operate in extreme heat within the jungles of Vietnam furthering the physical toll. Along with the gear and equipment they carried, they would also carry with them, their emotions. Early in the book, we are introduced to several characters. Platoon Leader Jimmy Cross carries the letters of his love interest Martha from his home. These letters led him to carry feelings of romance, along with all the hypothetical outcomes that could arise about their feelings. He had an internal struggle with himself because he debated whether the feelings were mutual or if she had moved on as her letters indicated as they were mostly chatty and elusive on the matter of love. Whether it was their faith or their love, this war that they did not understand took them away from their homes transforming these emotions into burdens later on. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross focuses so much on his romance, that he allows for his negligence to lead to the death of Ted Lavender, a soldier under his command. Lavender would be shot because of the lax standard set by Jimmy Cross because of his focus on Mar tha, and the death of Lavender would be one he never overcome. All men carry with them a sense of fear, this was seen when they conducted tunnel duty to determine if there were enemy. They would allow imagination to take over and create different situations of peril when conducting tunnel duty such as being crushed or not being heard or seen. Former Prisoner of War Senator John McCain, recounts when he entered Hanoi and was captured when his helicopter was shot down. Following his capture, he experienced the same emotions of fear that the men in Tim OBrians novel felt. He was constantly scared because of their lack of medical cleanliness and treatment, this fear was increased because of his injured leg becoming infected. He had heard of other tales of men being captured and dying with similar leg injuries because of the blood becoming toxic, and he was fearful because of their lack of medical ability to treat him. This constant fear even resulted him in almost cracking by wagering military information for medical treatment. Fear, as seen with th e with OBrians platoon and John McCain made them wary of their survival and carry heavy emotional burdens. Although the men may have survived and moved on from the war, some continued to fight the battles upon returning home. Some of the men were unable to overcome the grief faced from the Vietnam War and continued to plague them in the form of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Ken Burns has many veterans such as the author Tim OBrian, John Musgrave, and Bill Ehrhart who still have haunting memories of the conflict. Furthermore, they didnt have an outlet to cope with their anxieties either because society rejected the Vietnam War and its veterans. They would fight feelings of depression and suicidal thoughts, or as seen in Musgrave, a bitterness towards Asians because of the battles he was engaged in. In the novel, Kiowa is well respected and loved by the men of his platoon. His death hit many men hard, but no one took it harder than Norman Bowker. Following the war, he wrote to Tim OBrian saying that he was unable to fit in, find a stable job, or find meaningful use in his life. Bowker wou ld try to cope with basketball and late-night drives but would ultimately hang himself three years after the war. Rat Kiley was another member of Tim OBrians platoon, and he was best friends with fellow soldier Curt Lemmon. They would hang out and become very close until his abrupt death from an explosive. Rat Kiley is devasted and tries to cope, during this time he and other soldiers find a baby water buffalo. After trying to care for it, he pulls out his pistol to shoot the water buffalo and begins to mutilate with multiple gunshots. His PTSD is extreme as he is trying to cope with excessive use of violence. The Vietnam War instituted a draft to increase and bolster their numbers to deter the spread of communism into southern Vietnam. Norman Bowker deployed to Vietnam enamored with the idea of becoming a sort of war hero by earning awards elicited from valor. He would earn seven combat badges including the Combat Infantry Badge, but the Silver Star eluded him. All the glamour he thought he would receive coming back from the war was absent, and he had a hard time adjusting to civilian life. He would be unable to hold a job and assimilate back into society because everything had changed. His duration in war left him different from the rest of his hometown, and his obligations changed upon returning home with his life now fundamentally removed due to answering the nations call. John Musgrave, another veteran interviewed in Ken Burns The Vietnam War shares similar sentiment with his life changed, as he was also initially eager to serve his country. However, he says that during the war he suf fered many injuries and returned home to a country that did not honor him, much like Norman Bowker in returning to his community who didnt honor what he had done. Bowker and Musgrave changed during the war, and both came back to their homes with depression and suicidal thoughts because their communities did not help them. Musgraves interview echoed other veterans as seen in the responses in the Veterans review of Apocalypse Now, which was a clip portraying American soldiers deployed to Vietnam as evil, psychotics, and unstable. This influenced many communities to reject other Vietnam War Veterans to reject their soldiers just as Musgrave was. Many veterans such as Musgrave, wanted the country to know they fought on the governments orders in a cause that was portrayed as noble, and they were not what society was painting them to be. Another instance was in June of 1968, Tim OBrian had just graduated Macalester College with plans to attend Harvards Graduate School. These plans were changed because he was called into the Vietnam War through the draft. Believing he was too good to serve and not acknowledging the reasons for U.S. intervention, he began to have anxiety over his looming service. Tim OBrians life was altered profoundly, his plans were voided because of his mandatory service, and he even thought of escaping into Canada like others had. His situation represented a large majority of Americans who had gone to college, they had to abandon their goals for a war they did not believe in nor understand. Sha ring Tim OBrians belief, Bill Ehrhart shared the same feelings when interviewed in the Ken Burn series. He did not believe in the wars cause like Tim because the agenda wasnt to save Southern Vietnam but out of refusal to admit the Johnson administration had messed up. Stories have the power to tell a narrative. Tim OBrians The Things They Carried was an anti-war novel focusing on the burdens carried by soldiers, the PTSD that lingered with soldiers following the war, and the impact the draft on the lives of many young Americans. There is a bitterness through the different stories that illustrate why not only the Vietnam War but war in general is unnecessary. He argues that the war irreversibly changed the lives of many men because they lost their futures or were unable to function again in normal society. Tim OBrian was a participant in the Ken Burns series, and in the last episode he bitterly questions why we participated in the Vietnam and shed the blood of so many young Americans in a cause that he did not believe in. The book he wrote furthers that sentiment to caution and influence the U.S. that war is problematic.

Verbal Victimization And Mental Health - 1503 Words

Many secondary school students have severely impacted by bullying, making them feel self-conscious, less confident, and more anxious. A study by Collier, Bos, and Sandfort (2013) discusses this common incidence and the connection between homophobic verbal victimization and mental health in teenagers. The article highlights a specific kind of bullying, homophobic name-calling and its connection to the teenager mental health in the Netherlands. They also observe the different parts of gender, gender expression, and sexual preferences in homophobic peer victimization. The verbally victimizing behaviors that are being used by children and teenagers such as name calling tend to emphasize status differences. Teenagers who use of homophobic†¦show more content†¦After, the authors explain how peer victimization has various mental health outcomes in LGB youth. They found that when controlling for previously reported levels of each psychosocial outcome variable that homophobia victimi zation anticipated concern, misery and a lower sense of school belonging to the boys and extraction in girls. After this finding, it indicates that homophobic victimization had a great mental health impact on sexual minority youth more than heterosexual peers. In addition, the authors discuss that in the Netherlands, 13-15-year-olds found that who have same-sex most likely to get destructive treatment by other students than those without same-sex. In the Netherlands in which the social expectations for women and men are very similar than different. Therefore, where homosexuality is less denounced and gender roles are less harshly observed. An article is trying to prove different consequences of homophobic name-calling and the effects of mental health on teenagers where the authors also discuss about different risk factors such as negative treatment by peers, same-sex attractions, gender non-conformity, and psychological distress. Study Purpose and Hypotheses This study explained the predominance of homophobic name-calling among Dutch

The Definition of White Collar Crime Free Essays

string(122) " the Route 30 off-ramp where traffic was congested, she moved from the outer fast lane to the middle lane of the freeway\." In this paper the exciting criminal phenomenon known as white-collar crime will be discussed. Corporate Crime and Computer Crime will be discussed in detail. Crime preventative agencies such as the NCPC (National Crime Prevention Council) will also be researched. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definition of White Collar Crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now The late Professor Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar crime about 1941. Sutherland defined white-collar crime as â€Å"a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation† (Siegel 337) White-collar crime includes, by way of example, such acts as promulgating false or misleading advertising, illegal exploitation of employees, mislabeling of goods, violation of weights and measures statutes, conspiring to fix prices, evading corporate taxes, computer crimes, and so on. White-collar crime is most distinctively defined in terms of attitudes toward those who commit it. These crimes are punishable by law, however it is generally regarded by the courts and by sections of the general public as much less reprehensible than crimes usually punished by the courts. The other types of crime are blue-collar offenses, which are predominately crimes of the under-privileged. White-collar crimes are punished far less harshly than blue-collar crimes, which shows societies attitudes towards the two sections of society. White-collar crime is attractive to criminals because it brings material rewards with little or no loss of status. (Taft England 201) For some, white-collar crime is not viewed as a â€Å"crime† at all, because of its non-violent nature. Violent crime has an immediate and observable impact on its victim which raises the ire of the public, whereas white-collar crime frequently goes undetected or is viewed as a bending of the rules. Yet white-collar crime can create the greater havoc. The victim of an assault will recover; however, the impact of a fraud can last a lifetime. This is especially true when the elderly are victimized, as they have little or no hope of re-establishing themselves in financial terms. Contrary to the popular belief, white-collar criminals are thieves and the methods used to conceal their offenses are both artful and ingenious. Concealment of the crime is always an objective of the offender, and it becomes an element of the crime itself. Because it is an artful form of deceit, which is skillfully disguised, the investigation itself is often long and laborious as far as proving criminal intent is concerned. The offence itself may be disguised in a maze of legitimate transactions, which are quite proper if viewed in isolation; however, the cumulative effect is the commission of a criminal offence. From the standpoint of the criminal, the ideal white- collar crime is one that will never be recognized or detected as a criminal act. Corporate crime is the type of crime that is engaged in by individuals and groups of individuals who become involved in criminal conspiracies designed to improve the market share or profitability of their corporations. ( Siegel 338) Corporations are legal entities, which can be and are subjected to criminal processes. There is today little restriction on the range of crimes for which corporations may be held responsible, though a corporation cannot be imprisoned. The most controversial issue in regard to the study of corporate crime revolves around the question of whether corporate crime is â€Å"really crime. † Corporate officials, politicians, and many criminologists object to the criminological study of corporate criminality on the strictest sense of the word. The conventional and strictly legal definition of crime is that it is an act, which violates the criminal law and is thereby punishable by a criminal court. From this perspective a criminal is one who has been convicted in a criminal court. Given these widely accepted notions of crime and criminals, it is argued that what is called corporate crime is not really crime and should not be considered as such by either the public or criminologists. (Hochstedler 22) It does appear that now in recent times society has had a growing concern about white-collar and corporate crime. Studies have indicated that the public now judges white-collar criminality to be more serious than it had been in the past, people now have lost confidence in the people running major companies, and most American corporate executives are believed to be dishonest. The public’s concern with corporate crime has grown recently, but has been evident for several years. I will use one of the most memorable corporate crime cases in history; The Ford Pinto Case to prove my statement. (Cullen/Maakestad/Cavender 43) The product liability lawsuit and appeal titled Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company is a case in point and ought to be read by everyone. Grimshaw is an example of the type of thing that can happen when an industry insolates itself from competition. The Pinto affair has very important lessons for us all. Its story can teach us much about the power of huge corporations and what corporations can do when they face no real competition. It carries an important lesson about how the minds of those who run the world’s colossal corporations work. In November of 1971 the Grays purchased a new 1972 Pinto hatchback manufactured by Ford in October of 1971. The Grays had trouble with the car from the outset. During the first few months of ownership, they had to return the car to the dealer for repairs a number of times. Their car problems included excessive gas and oil consumption, down shifting of the automatic transmission, lack of power, and occasional stalling. It was later learned that the stalling and excessive fuel consumption were caused by a heavy carburetor float. On May 28, Mrs. Gray, accompanied by 13-year-old Richard Grimshaw, set out in the Pinto from Anaheim for Barstow to meet Mr. Gray. The Pinto was then six months old and had been driven approximately 3,000 miles. Mrs. Gray stopped in San Bernardino for gasoline, got back onto the freeway (Interstate 15) and proceeded toward her destination at 60 – 65 miles per hour. As she approached the Route 30 off-ramp where traffic was congested, she moved from the outer fast lane to the middle lane of the freeway. You read "The Definition of White Collar Crime" in category "Essay examples" Shortly after this lane change, the Pinto suddenly stalled and coasted to a halt in the middle lane. It was later established that the carburetor float had become so saturated with gasoline that it suddenly sank, opening the float chamber and causing the engine to flood and stall. A car traveling immediately behind the Pinto was able to swerve and pass it but the driver of a 1962 Ford Galaxie was unable to avoid colliding with the Pinto. The Galaxie had been traveling from 50 to 55 miles per hour but before the impact had been braked to a speed of 28 to 37 miles per hour. At the moment of impact, the Pinto caught fire and its interior was engulfed in flames. According to the plaintiff’s expert, the impact of the Galaxie had driven the Pinto’s gas tank forward and caused it to be punctured by the flange or one of the bolts on the differential housing so that fuel sprayed from the punctured tank and entered the passenger compartment through gaps resulting from the separation of the rear wheel well sections from the floor pan. By the time the Pinto came to rest after the collision, both occupants had sustained serious burns. When they emerged from the vehicle, their clothing was almost completely burned off. Mrs. Gray died a few days later of congestive heart failure as a result of the burns. Grimshaw managed to survive but only through heroic medical measures. He has undergone numerous and extensive surgeries and skin grafts and was expected to have to undergo additional surgeries over the next 10 years. He lost portions of several fingers on his left hand and portions of his left ear, hile his face required many skin grafts from various portions of his body. This graphic account of these events is needed to grasp the full impact of this tragic situation which could have been avoided by Ford for very minimal cost. Each Pinto could have been repaired for $4-$8 a piece. Management knew of these defects but still decided to produce and release the Pinto to the public. The idea for the Pinto, as has been noted, was conceived by Mr. Iacocco [sic], the Executive Vice President of Ford. The feasibility study was conducted under the supervision of Mr. Robert Alexander, Vice President of Car Engineering. Ford’s Product Planning Committee, whose members included Mr. Iacocca, Mr. Robert Alexander, and Mr. Harold MacDonald, Ford’s Group Vice President of Car Engineering, approved the Pinto’s concept and made the decision to go forward with the project. Harley Copp, a former Ford engineer and executive in charge of the crash testing program, testified that the highest level of Ford’s management made the decision to go forward with the production of the Pinto, knowing that the gas tank was vulnerable to uncture at low rear impact speeds creating a significant risk of death or injury from fire and knowing that fixes were feasible at nominal cost. He testified that management’s decision was based on the cost savings, which would inure from omitting the fixes. This was the corporation’s outright trade of human life for profit. The jury in this case brought in a verdict for the plaintiffs in excess of $128 million of which $125 million were punitive damages. There is another very important point to be made by this case. Ford knew that the Pinto was going to kill or burn people because of its design, but, because of the â€Å"cost savings which would inure from omitting the fixes,† Ford decided to let it go. Consider carefully exactly what Ford Motor Company was doing here. One could argue that Ford was conducting cost-benefit analysis. To the Ford executives, the benefits were clear, calculable, and immediately available. Ford would save a few dollars on each Pinto manufactured. The costs would accrue in the future and would not be paid by Ford. Unfortunately, the costs were the lives and permanent injuries of nameless and faceless future consumers. The Pinto would appear to be a prime example of laying off costs. The suffering, the destroyed lives and families apparently were of minor consideration in the calculations when Ford performed the cost-benefit analysis. Corporate crime has also been linked to political leaders in this country. Corporate crime is a crime of power and profit for the offenders. Large and powerful corporations who have the support of prominent political leaders can be difficult to prosecute in corporate crime cases. At the Progress Freedom Foundation conference held at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D. C. , Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (R-Georgia) was asked why he spent so much time addressing the issue of street crime and violence, while ignoring the issue of corporate crime and violence. Gingrich answered, â€Å"If I went around the country and said, ‘Vote for us and there will be no more white-collar fraud,’ the average voter will say, ‘I don’t think he gets it. ‘† But corporate crime is more than just white-collar fraud. And one reason that Gingrich doesn’t address the issue of corporate crime might be because one of the corporations that has brought him to power is Southwire Co. of Carrollton, Georgia. Southwire has close ties to Gingrich, it dominates the political economy of Carroll County, where Gingrich’s political career was launched, and it is a corporation with a criminal record. Individuals affiliated with Southwire Co. , including its chief executive officer, Roy Richards, and its president, James Richards, have donated more than $18,000 to Gingrich’s campaigns for Congress during the past ten years. According to the Los Angeles Times, James Richards has also donated 80,200 to GOPAC, the political action committee spearhearded by Gingrich. Computer technology has introduced new factors concerning the types of perpetrators, the forms of assets threatened, and embezzlement methods. ( Radzinowicz 357) Computer crimes generally fall into five categories: 1) theft of services 2) use of computer data for personal gain 3) unauthorized use of computers employed for various types of financial processing 4) property theft by computer 5) placing viruses to destroy data. The terms â€Å"computer misuse† and â€Å"computer abuse† are also used frequently, but they have significantly different implications. Criminal law recognizes the concepts of unlawful or fraudulent intent and of claim of right; thus, any criminal laws that relate to computer crime would need to distinguish between accidental misuse of a computer system, negligent misuse of a computer system and intended, unauthorized access to or misuse of a computer system, amounting to computer abuse. Annoying behavior must be distinguished from criminal behavior in law. History has shown that a broad range of persons commits computer crime: students, amateurs, terrorists and members of organized crime groups. What distinguishes them is the nature of the crime committed. The individual who accesses a computer system without further criminal intent is much different from the employee of a financial institution who skims funds from customer accounts. The typical skill level of the computer criminal is a topic of controversy. Some claim that skill level is not an indicator of a computer criminal, while others claim that potential computer criminals are bright, eager, highly motivated subjects willing to accept a technological challenge, characteristics that are also highly desirable in an employee in the data-processing field. According to a number of studies, however, employees represent the largest threat, and indeed computer crime has often been referred to as an insider crime. One study estimated that 90 per cent of economic computer crimes were committed by mployees of the victimized companies. A recent survey in North America and Europe indicated that 73 per cent of the risk to computer security was attributable to internal sources and only 23 per cent to external criminal activity. The American Bar Association conducted a survey in 1987: of 300 corporations and government agencies, 72 claimed to have been the victim of computer-related crime in the 12-month period prior to the survey, sustaining losses estimated to range from $ 145 million to $ 730 million. In 1991, a survey of security incidents involving computer-related crime was conducted at 3,000 Virtual Address Extension (VAX) sites in Canada, Europe and the United States of America. Seventy-two per cent of the respondents said that a security incident had occurred within the previous 12-month period; 43 per cent indicated that the security incident they had sustained had been a criminal offence. A further 8 per cent were uncertain whether they had sustained a security incident. Similar surveys conducted around the world report significant and widespread abuse and loss. Computer criminals have gained notoriety in the media and appear to have gained more social acceptability than traditional criminals. The suggestion that the computer criminal is a less harmful individual, however, ignores the obvious. The current threat is real. The future threat will be directly determined by the advances made in computer technology. Although it is difficult to quantify the scope of the computer crime problem, public reports have estimated that computer crime costs us between five hundred million and ten billion dollars per year. The Computer Security Institute has surveyed 428 information security specialists in Fortune 500 companies; 42% of the respondents indicated that there was an unauthorized use of their computer systems in the last year. Only a small portion of computer crimes come to the attention of the law enforcement authorities. While it is possible to give an accurate description of the various types of computer offences committed, it has proved difficult to give an accurate, reliable overview of the extent of losses and the actual number of criminal offences. At its Colloquium on Computer Crimes and Other Crimes against Information Technology, held at Wurzburg, Germany, from 5 to 8 October 1992, AIDP released a report on computer crime based on reports of its member countries that estimated that only 5 per cent of computer crime was reported to law enforcement authorities. Law enforcement officials indicate from their experience that recorded computer crime statistics do not represent the actual number of offences; the term â€Å"dark figure†, used by criminologists to refer to unreported crime, has been applied to undiscovered computer crimes. The invisibility of computer crimes is based on several factors. First, sophisticated technology, that is, the immense, compact storage capacity of the computer and the speed with which computers function, ensures that computer crime is very difficult to detect. In contrast to most traditional areas of crime, unknowing victims are often informed after the fact by law enforcement officials that they have sustained a computer crime. Secondly, investigating officials often do not have sufficient training to deal with problems in the complex environment of data processing. Thirdly, many victims do not have a contingency plan for responding to incidents of computer crime, and they may even fail to acknowledge that a security problem exists. The dynamic nature of computer technology, compounded by specific considerations and complications in applying traditional laws to this new technology, dictate that the law enforcement, legal and judicial communities must develop new skills to be able to respond adequately to the challenge presented by computer crime. The growing sophistication of telecommunications systems and the high level of expertise of many system operators complicate significantly the task of regulatory and legal intervention by law enforcement agencies. If the law enforcement community is expected to deal with the problem of computer crime, adequate training sessions must be implemented. To address computer crime, most police departments are allocating a greater proportion of resources to their economic or fraud investigation divisions, since many types of computer crime occur in the course of business transactions or affect financial assets. Accordingly, it is important for investigators to know about business transactions and about the use of computer in business. The ideal situation is to have investigators with not only solid criminal investigation backgrounds but also supplementary technical knowledge. This is similar to the traditional approach, where many police forces ensure that their fraud investigators, although not necessarily accountants, possess a thorough understanding of financial and business record keeping. How to cite The Definition of White Collar Crime, Essay examples

Public Speaking and Presentation Stress

Question: Discuss about thePublic Speaking and Presentation Stress. Answer: Introduction Public Speaking is that process of performing or presenting a speech which is focused to deliver a message to the live audience in a deliberate and structured manner. It is a formal communication, where a single person makes face to face talking to a group of listeners. Public speaking and presentations can be a challenge for many speakers (Zamarripa, S, 2016). Implementation of several specific strategies is important to make the presentation a success. Causes of Public Speaking Stress Self-consciousness: This is the most frequently named causes that people feel while performing or speaking (Genard, G, 2015). Normally, it is fine for the speaker to speak in front of small groups but when the presentation has to be delivered to a large group it generates performance anxiety and self-consciousness. Having the wrong objectives: Public speaking is all about creating an effect on the audience to motivate them, to educate them and to persuade them. Sometimes a speaker starts concentrating on himself and their personal interests and that should be avoided to make an effective speech. Practice: In every oratorical activity, the speaker should consider three things, first is to practice, and second is to practice and the last one is also to practice. It becomes impossible for anyone to underestimate the constant speaking drill. There are many other reasons that cause public speaking fear. Such as, concerning how the audience is going to judge the speaker, past failures and poor or insufficient preparation. Solution and Support to theses Causes A speaker should always remember that a large group of audience consists of exactly the person with whom they talk on an individual basis. By concentrating t the good listeners, it can bring the best results in every way. Main focus should be the audience and not on the speaker. The speaker should be humble while speaking about their achievements and personal experiences (Osborn, M and Osborn, S, 2004). Past failures should not affect the present situation, it is not necessary that this time also it is going to be unproductive (Hamilton, C, 2014). Doing homework before the speech brings successful outcomes. Nothing gives the speaker more confidence than being ready. How does Stress affects the People? Stress is a feeling of pressure and strain. Small stress is always healthy, desired and beneficial to bring out positive outcomes. Excessive stress may lead to cause harm in the body of a speaker. It can increase the risk of strokes, ulcers, mental illness, heart attacks and depression. A speaker should avoid excessive stress to lead a healthy life and to bring positive outcomes out of the presentation. Too much stress will result in short fall of words while speaking. A speaker in stressful situation requires giving more attention because when harder words have to be used, the speaker is more likely to pause for a moment before making use of such words (Fujishin, R, 2016). The speaker becomes more prone to pausing and hence this process takes a longer time. How Solutions and Supports Work? The hidden benefit of public speaking is the main reason why a speaker should contribute some time in developing good speaking skills. A positive attitude will go a long way while speaking. The best way to overcome public speaking fear is to speak more often. By becoming fearless while speaking, it creates a new relationships. Public speaking engagements and events is the perfect place to meet other people who have similar interests. These skills help in developing leadership qualities. It will develop critical thinking skills. Problem solving is a critical thinking skill while delivering a speech; this will enhance the power to think critically. The Einstein Theory of Public Speaking It states that when the audience starts increasing it is advisable to keep the speech simple. This theory of relativity refers that the time and distance are identical (Kushner, M and Yeung, R, 2011). The main challenge involved while speaking to large audience is how to calibrate the message and its delivery to the audience by being simple and not too simple. A speaker should always remember that no matter how smart the audience may be, some audience may not be able to understand the message of the speech. So it has to be simple to bring effective results. Access of such Supports or Solutions The solutions of public speaking stress should be accessed on such a speaker who lacks confidence and has low energy. Enthusiasm and energy are the key elements of public speaking. Pauses in speech takes a lot of time, a speaker making pause very often in between the speech should learn and understand the essentials of good public speaking. There are many trainers and coaches, who help in developing skills of public speaking and presentation. A communication and public presentation training specialist who has experience in making positive impact on the mind of audience can impart training to influence the mind of audience by explaining them your thoughts and objectives in a positive manner. The cost incurred in learning skills of public speaking varies according to the motive of the speech. A good trainer can charge more who will be teaching all the necessary essentials of a good presentation and ways to reduce stress in public speaking. Conclusion Good communication skills facilitate better public speaking and presentation without any stress. To become a confident and compelling speaker it is importance to avoid stress and nervousness in speech. Being a good public speaker will increase the reputation and boost self confidence of the speaker. It also opens countless opportunities for a speaker. Confidence and a good communication skill is must to attract the attention of an audience. This report says that a speaker should make appropriate plans for a public speech and practice as many times as possible, homework in public presentation brings desired results. References Fujishen, R, (2016). The Art of Communication: Improving Your Fundamental Communication Skills. Rowman Littlefield. Genard, G, ( 2015). [Online]. 10 Causes of Speech Anxiety that Create Fear of Public Speaking. Viewed 16 October 2016 from https://www.genardmethod.com/blog/bid/169656/Top-10-Causes-of-Speech-Anxiety-and-How-to-Beat-Em Hamilton, C, (2014). Cengage Advantage Series: Essentials of Public Speaking. Cengage Learning. Kushner, M and Yeung, R. (2011). Public Speaking and Presentations for Dummies. John Wiley Sons. Osborn, M and Osborn, S, (2004). Public Speaking. Dreamtech Press. Zamarripa, S, (2016). [Online]. Presentation Tips for Public Speaking. Viewed 16 October 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/presentation-tips-public-speaking-16773.html

Black Feminism Research Paper Example

Black Feminism Paper The theme of this essay will look at black feminist perspectives on gender, firstly from this perspective a black womens experience provides stimulation of the feminist awareness. Black feminism writings highlights the importance of aspects of the past, which inform the current issues facing black women. The writings of American black feminists emphasise the influence of the powerful legacy of slavery, segregation and the civil rights movement on gender inequalities in the black community. They point out that early black groups of women at the early part of the century supported the campaign for womens rights, but realised that the question of race needed recognition. Black women have always suffered from discriminated based on their skin colour and gender. In recent years, black women have not been central to the womens liberation movement, taking control of their identities much less, than of concepts of their race. The oppression of black women is visible in different locations compared to that of white women. Black feminism argues, therefore, that any theory of gender equality, which does not consider racism, should not claim to explain black womens oppression adequately. Class dimensions are another factor, which needed acknowledgement, particularly, in the case of the black women, also black women in the labour market, which will be touched upon further in the essay. Some black feminists have understood the strength of black feminist theory to be the focus on the relationship between race, class, and gender concerns, (Anthony Giddens 2001:118). We will write a custom essay sample on Black Feminism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Black Feminism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Black Feminism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A major division in western Black feminism thought, particularly for the British context, is that between the language and politics of the United States and Britain; for the principle of United States politics, Black is a term referring to the African-American population. In Britain, Black is a political category often describing Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans, with often a wider inclusion of non-white people. The changing meanings of Black as a racial, cultural, national, or political term, has implications for the development and meanings of Black feminisms. The relationship between the terms Black and feminism allows for sustained critique, both of the feminist movement and identities, and of Black politics, (Kadiatu Kanneh 1998: 86,87). Beverly Guy Shefell a feminist writer argues that black womens experiences in both racial and gender oppression resulted in needs and problems separate from white women and black men and that black women must struggle for equality as both women and African Americans, (www. hsph. harvard. edu/organisation/healthnet/woc/feminism/collins2html). The black womens critique of history has not only involved them coming to terms with absences, black women have also been annoyed by the ways in which it has made black women visible. History has constructed their sexuality and femininity as deviating from those qualities with which white women, as prize objects of the western world, were bestowed. Black feminist have forever demanded that the persistence of racism receive acknowledgement as an arrangement feature of their relationships with white women.

War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620

War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620 Free Online Research Papers J.R. Hale’s book, War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620, shows that the purpose of wars in Renaissance Europe was not to gain superiority over other people, but to gain wealth and power. Throughout the book the main theme was how the ending of a war and the beginning of another war affected society. Hale divided the book into three main parts: analysis of military reformation, the political and socioeconomic impact of the 100 years war on Renaissance Europe, and the impact of war on common life. For the most part the book’s main purpose was to analyze not only the effects of war on the common people and Europe. J.R. Hale attended Jesus College, Oxford, where he obtained his bachelors (1948) and masters (1953) degrees. He then moved to the United States where he attended Johns Hopkins University and Harvard. He was a Fellow in the British Academy and an Emeritus Professor of Italian History at University College, London. This is where he became the head of the Italian Department from 1970 until he retired in 1988. Soon after he became the first history professor at Warwick University in Coventry, England. He taught at many universities including the American universities Cornell, and U.C. Berkeley. Among the many books he wrote, his most well-known was Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. The war caused a division between religious and political institutions that had never existed before to this extent. This divided not only the military, but the common people had to choose between Church of England and Rome. Do they go with the Church of England or Rome? Hale’s book was way above this reviewer’s level of expertise because it was written for scholars in need of higher level analysis of a complicated part of European history. As far as one can see, the book is straight-forward and is well organized as was stated at the beginning of this paper. Hale delved expertly into the details of the causes and effects of war during the Renaissance. The bibliography is extensive and Hale backs up the content of his book. In fact, it would seem that Hale took some of the information and came up with many original ideas. These new ideas can found in other books written after Hale’s book was published that rely on his ideas for the bases of their own books. It a ppears that the majority of the bibliography comes from secondary sources with a few primary sources mixed in. As stated before, Hale sets in detail the effects of war on society. In fact, he begins with a broad overview about the effects of war on the economy, nobility, and the common man. He starts out the book with a broad overview of why there were wars. This is meant as a preface to the rest of the book. He writes about wars with the bases in religion. Hale explains clearly the importance of the clergy during war time as it was necessary for the king to have the clergy’s backing to support his causes. Hale starts with the start of the Holy Wars and the Crusades and how wars evolved throughout medieval times and into the Renaissance. At this point in history, the people still looked up to the clergy. Religion was still central in everyone’s lives. Hale continues to explain the importance of the 2nd Estate for the king’s war efforts. The king relied on the aristocracy not only for monetary reasons but also for their leadership to organize and lead the troops. The second chapter of the book is about the military reformation: How the troops that were raised in the 1300’s to the 1400’s changed gradually. The king needed the aristocracy for their leadership but it would not come at great cost. The nobility wanted their due. Throughout the chapter it is eventually stated that the armies in the late 1500’s were of a more permanent type. This facts in this chapter shows, in this reviewer’s opinion, that very little of the chapter is based on the author’s bias. The information is corroborated through other works including, Institutions Militaires de la France Avant les Armees Permanentes. The next chapter went into more detail about how recruitment was influenced by the 2nd Estate- the aristocracy. The main idea continues to mention the problem in numbers and how difficult it was to raise a proper militia. There was always a danger of hiring the more dangerous mercenaries. The aristocracy hired the militia. Hale then states that because there was a limit to how many mercenaries they could hire, they forced the 3rd Estate (the commoners who were still tenants and/or servants) to serve in the local militia. This led to a draft of sorts that was called â€Å"conscription.† Most of Hale’s sources agreed that this is a well-known fact. Most of the chapter is focused on the ability to raise a proper militia. Some of the noblemen who had many that served them could easily have many numbers that were conscripted. The opposite was true of the smaller landowners who had quite a difficult time raising proper numbers. More importantly due to the small numbers that small landowners had, the landowners forced the tenant farmers to join their personal armies. The Hundred Years War caused these farmers to change, and they slowly became loyal to the nation rather than the landowners. This effect in turn caused the nation-statehood society to form. The people at the beginning of the war were loyal to their feudal lords regardless of what happened. The Hundred Years War caused them to change, and they also slowly became loyal to their nation rather than the landowners. This caused a division between religious and political institutions that had never existed before to this extent that divided not only the military, but made the common people have to pick a side, the Church of England or Rome. This idea reemphasizes with Chapter Seven where Hale discusses at length the effect of the war on the subjects. The Hundred Years War was sporadic; on the other hand, the wars that resulted from this conflict perva ded daily life. According to Hale, â€Å"the most drastic and direct civilian confrontation with the military was the siege† (Hale 191). Therefore, reasoning behind this is, if the civilians were not in a walled city, the military took everything. If the citizens were in a walled city, they had a much better chance of defeating the military. The thesis of this chapter was that people invented an enemy to keep the city together. Sounds familiar, doesn’t it (if someone who remembers the weapons of mass destruction in the Iraq this reviewer War)? The final section of the book deals with the socioeconomic impact of the war on the commoners and military. Hale goes on to explain how the funding of the wars was raised. This included the idea of raising taxes and bonds. This in turn caused the rise of the European banks; the most famous perhaps would be the family of the Medici’s. The Medic this reviewer family was perhaps the most powerful banking family in Renaissance Europe. Their bank in fact was more of a fortress. Personally, this reviewer cannot say the book is reliable because the writer cannot verify if the information is true do to the fact that the reviewer has no previous knowledge on the subject matter, and can only base ones opinion from what was presented in this book. However, based on the books that came after War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620 on this subject, none of the information has been refuted. However, Hale uses the evidence with care and discrimination. He uses it with care and discrimination because, in some instances, Hale states the information may not be reliable. He is so meticulous, even the minutest detail is verified by an outside source. For example, Hale directly quotes Machiavelli’s The Art of War, which is considered by many historians to be a primary source. He is fair to all sides. This is evident because he writes about it from the military point of view and the civilian point of view. He does not write based on what he thinks, he writes based on the fact presented to him by authors on the subject previous to his time. The foundation of the book is â€Å"The repercussions of war through society as a whole, and a look at the technical nature of combat† (Hale 45). The central theme of chapter two is how difficult it was to recruit enough men that were qualified to fight. Throughout the book Hale provided many examples of fairness. For example, â€Å"The military tone and effectiveness suffered from three major failings: abuse of the leave system, corruption amongst pay masters, captains, the infrequency of governmental inspections to check, going native on the spot, blending, through cohabitation or marriage, and a second, civilian job† (Hale 134-135). The thesis was well supported by the examples this reviewer has already stated. The author did indeed persuade the reviewer in certain parts, but not in others. For example, in chapter two, the author presents a large amount of information about how the at the beginning of the period between the two wars the armies were less permanent and more of a volunteer army, but by the mid 1500’s the armies became much more permanent. It is difficult to refute the information when the reader was presented with so many concrete examples. However, since the reviewer has such limited background knowledge, there still remain many questions. The material of the book is presented well because the chapters are well defined. The book was extremely difficult to understand, because it was written for a graduate level class at U.C. Berkeley, not for this high school student. The author does not use simple terms: for example, â€Å"Compared with the spasmodic nature of the Hundred Years War, the Wars of Italy and the Netherlands, were almost unremitting molestations of normal life† (Hale 175). The book did not really contribute to the reader’s understanding of history. This reviewer would recommend this book to another student because it is a wealth of knowledge on the socioeconomic impact of the Hundred Years War on the commoners and the military. Overall the book was very intriguing. This reviewer learned much about the Hundred Years War. J.R. Hale is perhaps the most prolific writer on Renaissance Europe in the last 50 years. He taught at most of the major Universities in England and The United States. His breadth of knowledge is unsurpassed in scholarly circles. The amount of information presented in this book is overwhelming to the novice historian. This reviewer would have no qualms about referring this book to anybody. In this book the reader learns about the three major effects of war on society. The facts are complex and the only way to understand the information is to find it in other books dealing with the same subject matter. Bibliography Gormley, Larry. The Hundred Years War: Overview. ehistory (2001): 1-3. Web. 8 Nov 2010. . Hale , J.R. War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450-1620. 2nd. Guernsey, Channel Islands, Great Britain: McGill Queens University Press, 1985. 1-286. Print. Shrier, Patrick. The Hundred Years War: An analysis of the Causes and Conduct of the Longest European War. Military History Online .com (2007): 1-7. Web. 8 Nov 2010. . John Rigby Hale Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, 11 Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Dec. 2010.

10 points about three different materials Essay

10 points about three different materials - Essay Example The author had reviewed many Hollywood films before writing the book centering the developments identified since the early ages till the current era 3. Earlier, movies depicted the Arab lifestyle as backward in comparison to the western cultures, reflecting upon the magic inspired traditional values of Arabian businessmen travelling in the floating carpet for the purpose of trade 4. During the year 1979-2000, the Hollywood movies used to cast an Arab personality in their movie where the Arabs were portrayed to travel to the US and spent a lot of money to lead a luxurious life, showing non-negligible obsession for the American women in the US 5. Jack Valenti, the Chairman of the Motion Pictures of America denoted that Washington and Hollywood come from the same DNA 6. Unlike the previous ones, the recent Hollywood movies show terror created by the Arabs residing in the America involving female members of the society as participating in terror activities such as kidnapping and killing of the US soldiers. 7. One of the movies also showed an incident, where the Arab Muslims had burned the national flag of the US in front of the US Embassy Reflecting upon the conflict placed today between the two cultures 8. The Hollywood movie, titled â€Å"The Delta Force† released in the year 1986, revealed an incident where an American aircraft was hijacked containing Jewish passengers majorly 9. The most dreadful situation observed in the article was that in a certain period, the Palestinians had to stay as a refugee in America and were brutally treated by the US soldiers 10. The other movie titled â€Å"Rules of Engagement† in 2000 also reflects a major fight among the Palestinians and the US Armed Force, strongly conveying the absence of humanity among the people engaged in war (YouTube, â€Å"Reel Bad Arabs - How Hollywood Vilifies a People†) QUESTION 2 The news article, titled â€Å"50 Amazing Mosques From Around the World (PHOTOS)†, reflects on how a place of worship, symbolized with a mosque, was constructed in the ancient era. Usually, the design of the mosque contained minarets and the domes, which add beauty to its complex, geometric designing. When describing the beauty of a holy place, the 13th century Persian poet, Rumi described that mosques are surrounded with beauty everywhere. By the end, Yasmine Hafiz, in this article intends to create a comparison among the two holy places of Islam and Christianity (Hafiz, â€Å"50 Amazing Mosques From Around the World (PHOTOS)†). Unlike Yasmine Hafiz, Aroosa Shaukat has emphasized the unity within Christians and Muslims in front of the St. Anthony’s Church rather than highlighting the differences amid them. This article thereafter, bases on historic evidences with the intention to advocate that the Muslims have stood beside the Christians in the time of their need. The article narrates that there was a suicide attack on the Saints after the end of the Sunday mas s, which was marked as one of the biggest attacks on the Christians in the history. Shaukat has also given a view where it can be observed that the Muslims can also stand beside the Christians in time of need; thus, pointing to a fluctuating relationship within the two cultures (Shaukat, â€Å"Pakistani Muslims Form Human Chain to Protect Christians during Mass (PHOTOS)†). In the third article â€Å"Jews vs. Muslims†, author Rabbi Levi Welton has described about the fight between the Jews and the Muslims with the motive to attain political benefits. The article thus argues that at often instances, the corrupt leaders tend to compromise citizens’ welfare needs to meet their personal benefit, which is irrespective of their religious stance. It further argues that the real purpose of the religion is the peace and love persisting among people, rather than the

Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers Essay

Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers - Essay Example In China, Confucian ethics may be found intertwined with advertising messages. Chinese culture favours the Yin-Yang concept, that is, the existence of opposites by virtue of each other, and between which a balance must be attained. In the U.S., the emphasis is more on competition, and brand positioning focuses on a single core appeal, which is either one that is rational or one that is emotional (Zhou & Dou, 2007), but seldom the two together. Confucian ethics embraces the holistic approach, espousing both qing (emotion) as well as li (reason), a feature which is almost always jointly observed in Chinese advertising (Yinjiao, 2006). Advertising is often ‘complicated, cultures-specific’ and particular in politeness behaviour that impacts directly on ethical issues when the advertisers are foreigners (Zhu, 2009, p. 517). Easily, the advertisement depicted here is both emotional and informative – emotion by way of humour, and information in the slogan and the picture of the bottle of medicine at the lower right-hand corner. Confucian teaching has also always been linked to serenity and balance in life, the same attributes that are reflected in these advertisements. These are at once communicated to the viewer by the visual advertisements. However, there is a hidden piece of humour in these ads that are lost to foreigners. The product is a Sanjiu, a muscle and joints pain relief medication. The slogan, written in Chinese characters, directly translates to ‘Reverse the pain’ which would have been better translated into the English: ‘eliminate’ or ‘diminish the pain’. The word ‘reversal’ would have been proper in the Chinese language, for which the pictures... This "Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers" essay describes the differences between approaches to the advertisement in China and the USA. Confucian teaching has also always been linked to serenity and balance in life, the same attributes that are reflected in these advertisements. These are at once communicated to the viewer by the visual advertisements. However, there is a hidden piece of humour in these ads that are lost to foreigners. The product is a Sanjiu, a muscle and joints pain relief medication. The slogan, written in Chinese characters, directly translates to ‘Reverse the pain’ which would have been better translated into the English: ‘eliminate’ or ‘diminish the pain’. The word ‘reversal’ would have been proper in the Chinese language, for which the pictures are metaphors. For English speakers, the pictures are not so much ‘reversed’ as they are ‘inverted.’ Maybe a vis ual which would be more consistent to the English meaning of reversal would be somebody running backwards, as in reversal through time. In English, the word ‘reversal’ conveys a process, so someone doing something backward would be reversal. The inversion shown in the pictures conveys more a world out of order, an illogical or topsy-turvy affair where nothing is as it should be. From the point of view of Chinese viewers, however, the message, and the humour, is clear, that the product ‘reverses’ the pain so that there is no more pain, so the world is ‘reversed’ and the person is able to resume his/her physical activity.

The Future of Drug Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future of Drug Policy - Assignment Example The use of drugs and alcohol in North Dakota was said to be very high in 2005 and 2006. Marijuana was the most commonly used drug in the state in 2010. Thus there are many measures taken to establish policies for controlling drug use and drug prohibition. Prescription drug use is becoming a big problem for the whole nation. There is a national prescription drug usage prevention plan which restricts prescription usage by monitoring programs, promoting and recommending safer and more convenient disposal methods to dispose unneeded medicines from homes, and spreading education and awareness for the healthcare providers and patients. The prescription drug monitoring program in North Dakota became operational in 2008. The states were also encouraged to adopt Per Se standards for impairment making it illegal to drive after the use of illegal drugs. However, North Dakota doesn’t have a Per Se standard as yet but its law states that a person is not allowed to drive under the influence any drug which makes the person incapable of driving safely. In North Dakota possession of less than half ounce of illegal substance is punishable by a fine of $1,000 and sentence of maximum 30 days while possessing less than half an ounce while driving a motor vehicle is punishable by a 1 year sentence maximum and a fine of $1,000. Possession of up to 500 grams is punishable under a sentence of 5 years maximum and a fine of $5,000. Possession of more than 500 grams of marijuana is punishable by 10 years of maximum sentence and a fine of $10,000. Similarly, the sale of marijuana may also lead to severe punishments of up to 20 years of imprisonment which increases as the intensity of the offense increases.

Domestic tourism in India

Domestic tourism in India METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION This chapter is very essential in enabling the researcher achieve aims and objectives of this dissertation. So first lay down the fundamental aim followed by its objectives. Then go through understanding what research is and discuss the different types of research methods that are used in this study. For instance discussion is carried out on the various accessed secondary research data and primary research data collection method by looking at quantitative research method of survey questionnaire and justifying the choice of selection of the research method. The emphasis on questionnaire design and layout will be considered alongside projecting the significance of pilot testing before the questionnaire is distributed. The chapter also illuminate on substantiate sampling and selected computer software for data analysis. And finally portray the various research limitations. Aim and Objectives Aim of this research is to find out the motivational factors behind domestic tourism in India. And in order to achieve the aim it is important to fulfil the various objectives of this research which are: To examine the several motivational and consumer behaviour studies within the context of the tourism industry. Analysing the trends of domestic tourism in India. To examine the motivational factors/ perceptions and attitudes towards domestic tourism in Mumbai city in India. To compare and contrast the motivational factors underpinning domestic tourism identified within the literature, with those identified by the primary data analysis for India. To examine the implications of the findings of this research for the future of domestic tourism activity in India. Now having looked at the aim of the research and its objectives, it is necessary to differentiate the salient features of the secondary research data with that of the primary research as they form to help analyse the outcome of this research findings. Secondary Research Secondary research data is collection of work that is done and published by some researcher which is available for others researchers to use in their study (Jennings, 2001). Hakim (1982) defined secondary research as further analysis of an existing dataset which presents interpretations, conclusions, or knowledge additional to, or different from, those presented in the first report on the inquiry as a whole and its main results. Secondary data is very important prior to going into primary data as one can avoid repetition of the same data so as to cross check and see to it that the data that is being collected is not already available in secondary resource (Finn et al 2000). The sources of secondary data can be collected from various sources with advice from the concerned subject professor and librarian along with the help of internet, classmates and bibliographies of the literature that is read in various sources like books, journals etc (Silverman, 2005). As Jennings (2001) also poi nted out the key advantages of secondary data collection which consisted of: Easy and quick accessibility to the available information. Quality of data acquired is of high standard when cross referred from peer sources. Information is gathered for a very low cost. Less time consuming process. Provides the opportunity to re-examine the findings. Using the data is convenient. The secondary data used in this study was obtained from various resources affiliated and available through the Bournemouth University library catalogue. So as to represent only authentic data in my study I have used tried to refer and use mostly work and studies done by reputed authors or organisations. The information that has been obtained are of sources ranging from: Books: All the books referred were from the Bournemouth University library and some of which were e books available on internet. The books referred ranged from topic covering tourism, consumer behaviour, psychology, and motivation and research methods. Academic Journals: Journals showcasing several articles published of most recent and authentic information was accessed and utilised which were mostly derived through various online journals like Sage publications, EBSCO host, Science Direct from Athens database. Published documents and reports: Data derived from several reports published by organisations like WTO, Ministry of Tourism (India), Indian Government publications were utilised in supporting my study. Internet and electronic database: While using the internet source the fact of authentic reliability was highly regarded and hence very few information was utilised through internet. Most of the data utilised was obtained from electronic data source on subjects relating to tourism and motivation which was again acquired with the help of Athens Database. But it is also very essential that one realise the threat lying in utilising secondary data for instance Jennings (2001) revealed some issues relating disadvantages like incomplete available data, the reliability factor, and confirmation on validity of information or the data might become out of date. So being aware of the setbacks of secondary data was keenly observed while utilising it for the study and was only used in supporting and guiding to understand the literature behind the topic. Primary Research Primary data is the information that is gathered from the field of research carried out and developed by a researcher for their own research (Burns and Bush, 2000). Cohen et al (2007) described primary source to be items having direct relationship with reconstruction of events which comprise of oral and written testimony collected from the participants. Jennings (2001) pointed out the potential benefits of primary data lie in the ease of studying a large population analysis with out much bias. And there are two major methods of conducting a primary research that are quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Researchers gather first hand information through various methods, then collect and arrange them in order and then analyse them to use in their study. This is popularly known as primary research and hence to carryout that it is very necessary for the researcher to consider the nature of their study and chose the right research method (Jennings, 2001). Primary data collection methods chiefly consist of two types: quantitative and qualitative methods (Finn et al 2000). In order to select the right primary research method for study it is important to understand the differences between the both research methods. According to Jennings (2001) listed the difference between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Where he explained that research approach in quantitative is deductive in nature which means that theories and concepts are already available through the past data using which researcher conducts a hypothesis to test these concepts through data collection and analysis. Qualitative research takes a more inductive approach where the researcher develops theories and concepts through observation and brings out ideas thorough observing the collected data rather than predetermined ideas. Quantitative research undertakes the hypothetical testing by observer to be objective to come to a conclusion with structured, systematic design of the research which can be replicable but whereas qualitative research depends more on the subjective view of the ground reality and the research seems to be unstructured with recent developing changes being applied as they emerge during the course. The focus of the research for a quantitative research is variable when compared qualitative research which depends on specific study themes. While selecting participants to carryout the research quantitative research randomly selects the participants but qualitative research chooses its participants with several considerations being specific to them. The representation of data and findings put forth through quantitative research is numeric in nature which can be statistically analysed with the help of graphic representation like statistical tables and graphs. But qualitative research approach represents data through textual form which is more narrative in nature. And lastly the finding analysis and conclusion is only a representation of the real world in case of quantitative and qualitative research result is a slice of life in the real world. Quantitative research method Having looked at the various differences between the two research methods does not conclude that quantitative research method is better than qualitative or vice versa. Because both have their own advantages and disadvantages depending upon the type of research and study a researcher is undertaking certain phenomenon might be better studied in qualitative and some with quantitative analysis (Muijs 2004). Veals (1997) stated that qualitative study approach which consists of focusing on observation of depth interviews does not support the cause of a study when the researcher aims to project a common statement of analysis regarding large groups of population. Keeping in mind the fact that this study deals with quantifying the several motivational factors for domestic tourist in India and so it would include dealing large population groups to try and assessing their motivational factors. Hence it would be appropriate to utilise quantitative approach towards the study would enable the rese archer to bring out the finds in the form of statistical data analysis. Questionnaire Survey Burns and Bush (2000) referred quantitative research to be a survey research involving usage of structured questions whose responses are predetermined and it involves correspondence of large number of respondents. Saunders et al (2003) highlighted that any kind of research would usually involve some numeric data that can be utilised to respond to the questions arise in the research and Veal (1997) also stated that quantitative analysis is widely preferred and used research method in tourism and leisure industry to gather individual information with help of a designed list of questions which are put through the survey participants. Gillham (2000) showcased some advantages of using questionnaires saying it could be cost effective and can save a lot of time as it helps to gather mass amount of information in a limited and short frame of time. It proves to be more convenient for the anonymously selected survey respondents to answer closed ended questions straight away without any biased reaction towards it unlike interviews which can induce biased opinions at times during the course of the interview. As the designed questionnaire contains the same set of questions repeated for all the respondents to answer so it becomes easier to compare and contrast the responses to asses and analyse the results and its trends. But it is also necessary to understand the possible setbacks which can occur while applying this approach to the study which Gillham (2000) correctly pointed out by explaining that while conducting a survey the researcher would often have to deal with certain negative features which could include issues where quality and accuracy of data cannon be guaranteed if the questionnaire is not properly designed. As the questions should be short and simple for the respondents to understand and reply and sometimes the seriousness of response to the questions is also always an issue of apprehension. Ryan (1995) also stated that it is very essential for a researcher to go through the survey process very circumspectly if it is conducted through a questionnaire because once the responses are collected one can neither refer back to them for understanding their responses nor fabricate or correct the responses if they have been misinterpreted by the respondents. So in order to carryout a research bou nd by time constraints like identifying the various motivational factors of domestic tourism in India does recommend developing a questionnaire to conduct a survey keeping in mind all these potential threats. So the questionnaire should be carefully studied and design layout should be properly done specifically considering the usage of right choice of wording before it is distributed for the survey. Questionnaire Design, Layout and Pilot Testing Having considered the various pros and cons of developing a questionnaire for a survey above it is also very essential to carefully layout a design for a questionnaire. It is very important to review what questions will be addressed in the questionnaire. There can be different types of questions asked so it is very important to asses the type of questions because the outcome of information depends on the collection of data (Brace 2008). Pizam and Ellis (1999) stated that questions obtaining basic profile information form a vital part of the questionnaire along with the other collected information of the respondents attitudes and behaviour. So the online questionnaire which is developed would also asses the demographic information of the participants along with others. The questionnaire would consist of 19 questions and would consist of following sections asking various questions like Personal Information Travel pattern Motivation sources Experience and satisfaction measurement Future activity The designed questionnaire mostly consists of closed ended questions to help and enable respondents to respond to them quickly and not consuming much of their valuable time. Brace (2008) also suggested that researchers analysing behaviour analysis would normally go for closed ended questions and it seems to be a popular option preferred as the respondents have to just tick or select the boxes to respond to the questions which leaves least room for error and confusion and the data can be easily assessed later on. Most of the closed questions in this study included different types of question pattern like checklist, Likert scale and attitude scale to asses the attitude and behaviour of the tourist. And Churchill (1999) identified coding to be more useful and handy while doing questionnaire because if the questions are arranged, designed and laid out properly with wording taken care off with choice of answers being represented in numbers and codes through any computer software then it w ould be very effortless to collect the data and analyse with a computer coding software. To carryout this survey electronic email was chosen as the most suited method to survey considering the fact that the researcher is far away from the country where the survey is going to be conducted and also baring in mind the expenses and time constraints. Sproull (1986 cited Thach 1995) stated that electronic survey can be beneficial particularly in survey research and identified four key characteristics of electronic email which were Speed It much easier and faster to send questionnaires through email to any part of the world in seconds and hence the reply would also be fast once the questions are answered. Asynchronous communication The communication of message can be sent and received at convenience as it gives an option to the participants to reply at their ease when they are free. They can leisurely think and answer the questions. And not be tied down to be replied instantly and make them loose their valuable time. No intermediaries In several cases the mails sent by post or interviews could be rejected or filtered by the assistants and secretaries of the concerned personnel so there are more chances of mails being directly sent to the concerned person and they open it directly. But even this is being monitored in recent changes but there are more chances when compared to the other ways considering the fact that it would reach faster. Ephemerality Ephemerality explains the fact that an online questionnaire can be deleted at any time with ease and hence would have no trace in the form of hard copy of it once it is deleted unless someone saves and prints out on a paper. So when the respondents complete the survey and send them they can delete them at their will and dont need to bother much about it once it is done unlike the posted mails. Pilot testing the questionnaire is very essential before the questionnaire is actually distributed amongst the population. Piloting tests two key features of a questionnaire that are reliability where the questionnaire is considered to be reliable depending upon the amount of consistency that shows in the responses that are received and validity where its considered to be valid if the researcher gets the evaluation right that the questionnaire was originally destined for Brace (2008). This helps the researcher to evidently identify the problems related to respondents leaving out certain questions unanswered and also asses the satisfactory reception of information for the respondents to understand and answer (Bryman, 2001). It also helps in explaining if the respondents understand the wordings and certain terms in the questions and if the questions have a flow of pattern, then the amount of time that is consumed for replying the questions and it gives a clear picture of which approach of data analysis to carryout one the responses are collected Jennings (2001). Hence in order to do the pilot testing the questionnaires were first sent through email to 10 respondents to try and check the quality and understand the responses. Based on the received responses minor changes were done to the questionnaire for fine tuning. Sampling Researchers must carryout sampling well in advance in the course of research as several aspects like time constraints, money expenses and the ease of access to carryout the survey are always certain setbacks and restrictions which reoccur. These prevent the researcher to limit oneself to measuring analysis of only a small and compartment representation of a true population and often not the total population (Cohen et al 2007). In this study it is virtually impossible to carryout the research across the whole of India with its mammoth population representation alongside its diverse culture and languages pertaining to their geographical locations. Hence to make it convenient for the researcher the survey was carried out within the boundary of limitation selecting only one city as the representative. Mumbai city was selected to be the location for selecting sample population as the city is widely popular across the world in spite of not being the administrative capital city of India. Th ough the people of Mumbai city alone does not form the collective attitude and behaviour of the whole country but this could be considered to be the closest that one can get to understanding the behaviour of the Population in India considering the limitations of the research. Data Analysis The data of this research which is collected with the help of quantitative research method of questionnaire will be analysed by going through the responses received and drawing comparisons with the studied literature review. As Ryan (1995) suggested that it is very important to keep in mind the prime aims and objectives of the research while interpreting the data through statistical representation. Quantitative research data analysis is most effective when it represents various variables in the form of statistical and numerical projections (Jennings 2001). Hence this research data is best suited to be analysed with the help of SPSS computer software. Along with this data analysis conclusions will be drawn from the secondary data as well to get an understanding on the behavioural pattern and provide a scope for further study. Having looked at data analysis methods in this section it is also essential to identify the various limitations that hinder the research. Limitation of the Research One of the major limitation for this research is the generalisation of the Indias population as it seems virtually impossible to carryout the survey all the throughout the country. Considering the fact that it is a very huge country with a huge population and even with the best efforts with no time limits can still not bring out the true picture. Hence the survey was restricted to only Mumbai city. Another major constrain for the researcher was the accessibility to information regarding domestic tourism in India. There has been very little research done on the aspect of domestic tourism in India hence to gather information related to concerned topics was very difficult and limited. Part of the information and data was collected from the government publications and several online articles published by various researchers. Considering the fact that the researcher is far away from the geographical location of the survey being conducted and considering the limited time and cost effectiveness in travelling to carryout the survey in person would have been difficult. So the survey was conducted by emailing the questionnaires to the people known to the researcher and there by asking those collective members to distribute the questionnaire across to their contacts to respond. But even the electronic survey systems had their share of problems as Veal (2006) pointed out that the surveys conducted online through emailing the questionnaire have resulted in very poor response rates in the modern trend so keeping in mind the less response rate the questionnaire was sent to as many contacts as possible and it succeeded in collecting 100 responses. Issues relating to the questionnaire design were identified as another limitation as several responses did not respond to all the questions as it entirely depends on the d ifferent educational levels of understanding of the respondents which could have led to misinterpretation and confusion of the questions Chapter Summary This chapter presented the aims of the research to clearly identify the various objectives that are supposed to achieve. Then it talks about the research methods undertaken in acquiring past data and understanding the literature behind the topic through secondary research methods. Also explaining the primary research methods researcher detailed the different approach towards acquiring data collection. In order to do that it also speaks about the questionnaire designing and layout of the questions to be asked. Then it highlights the essentiality of pilot testing the prepared questionnaire and then sampling of the survey and how the collected data was analysed. Finally it showcases the several limitation of this research that was carefully measured. The following chapter will present the main findings and analysis of the data that was collected from the surveyed questionnaire. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K., 2007, Research methods in education, 6th ed. London: Routledge. Brace, I., 2008. Questionnaire Design: How to Plan, Structure and Write Survey Material for Effective Market Research. 2nd Ed. London: Kogan Page [online] Available from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bournemouth/docDetail.action?docID=10250416 [Accessed on 20th March 2010] Bryman, A., 2001. Social research methods. New York: Oxford University Press. Burns, A. and Bush, R.(2000)Marketing research 3rd ed. London: Prentice Hall Churchill, A. (1999) Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations, 6th ed. Fortworth, TX: Dryden Press. Finn, M., Elliot-White, M. and Walton, M., 2000, Tourism Leisure Research Methods: Data collection, analysis and interpretation. Essex: Pearson Gillham, B., 2000. Developing a questionnaire. London: Continuum. Hakim, C. (1982): Secondary Analysis in Social Research: A Guide to Data Sources and Methods with Examples, London, Allen Unwin. Jennings, G., 2001. Tourism research. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd Muijs, D., 2004. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. London: Sage Publications. Available from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bournemouth/docDetail.action?docID=10080884p00=quantitative%20research [Accessed 20th march 2010] Ryan, C., 1995. Researching tourist satisfaction: issues, concepts, problems. London: Routledge. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., 2003. Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd ed, Harlow, Prentice Hall Financial Times. Silverman, D., 2005. Doing Qualitative Research: A practical handbook. 2nd ed. London: Sage Thach , L. 1995. Using Electronic Mail to Conduct Survey Research. Educational Technology -Saddle Brook NJ. 35 (2), 27 [online] Available from: http://www.ali.iup.edu/DJT/graduatestudy/PDF/usingelectronicmail.pdf [Accessed on 25th March 2010] Veal, A.J., 1997. Research methods for leisure and tourism: a practical guide. 2nd ed. London: Financial Times

Do the family and the peer group play important roles in the reproduction of violence in everyday practice? :: essays research papers

The term violence doesn’t necessarily have a fixed definition; it can be interpreted in many ways and the understanding of violence changes from person to person, circumstance to circumstance†¦. What one man may see as a violent act, the next man may disagree. A violent act cannot, â€Å"amount to a criminal offence unless at least some observer considered it to be justified.† (1) One has to consider whether the violent act was committed intentionally, recklessly or accidentally. The word aggression is often synonymous with violence, yet we are encouraged to channel aggression properly and put it into practices in fields such as sport and business. This can be dangerous as â€Å"aggressive tendencies develop in many people†¦ in an increasingly competitive world† (2) the most important factor here is that both violence and aggression are attempts to impose dominance. (3) The various interpretations of violence can be best put simply into four categories ; physically defensive, where violence is seen as the only way to prevent injury to one’s self. The defining emotion here is fear; frustrative, where the victim is seen as uncooperative or resistant. The defining emotion here is anger; malefic, where the victim is seen as disrespectful or contemptuous. The defining emotion here is hatred; and frustrative-malefic where anger is displaced by hatred. Juvenile violent crime today often heavily involves the usage of weapons, In particular knives. The crimes of juveniles are often a lot more violent than years previous and we can draw on examples from the murder of Jamie Bulger and Damiola Taylor. Although these, at large, are restricted (and high profile) cases there is still a growing feeling that juveniles today are more competitive on the â€Å"streets† and are getting involved in violence as a means to impress fellow peers through gaining a reputation and also getting more desperate in search of material goods such as mobile phones. Both these factors have always been key in the growing-up process of adolescents. Peer group influence is well established especially regarding drugs and alcohol. It can also extend to bullying behaviour- which can also be a response by a child who, themselves, is being bullied at home by an over-bearing parent. In this way the child uses bullying as a release, out of frustration with conditi ons at home. Bullying can also be attributed to part of growing up. A lot of bullies are regular children, with no history of violence or abuse, who simply try to impress their peers by physically and mentally attacking a child whom they deem weaker than them.

A Whole New Mind

Pink has presented sharp scientific evidence in his book A Whole New Mind that comes as common knowledge to the majority of us in our society. He also stressed the several capabilities of right-brain thinking such as creativity, artistry, empathy, inventiveness, and overall big picture viewpoints. I noticed that Pink failed to mention any historical aspects before the 1900’s. For example; during the European Renaissance numerous right-brain thinking characters sprouted with many ideas for the world. These characters include painters, sculptors, inventors, musicians, and writers all across Europe. We all know, however, that the European Renaissance came and went. What will this new Conceptual Age produce differently than the faded right-dominance of the European Renaissance years? Looking back in time between the years of 1400-1550 the geniuses of this world contributed to the life we live in now. I only say this because if they weren’t important to our society today than we wouldn’t have had to learn about them during our high school years or even our college years. A brilliant inventor, painter, musician, and mathemation Leonardo da Vinci is one man who seems to have a great grasp of life in all his talents. He along with many other philosophers of that era seemed to fit the description of what I feel Pink suggests we should obtain throughout our lives to be successful and to lead our life in a way to help not only our generation but for the generations after ours as well. As we have studied in countless texts in high school about the several factors for the downfall of the European Renaissance and the complications after that time we should feel troubled to once again attempt to shift our minds. Right-brain thinking is an aged solution. Pink’s proposal is one we have already gone through but is introduced in a business-like manner unlike the European Renaissance. How are we supposed to know that the Conceptual Age will not increase the desire to create machines that will replace the art industry, so that beauty can be drawn in an instant? I think that Pink’s transition solution from the Information Age to the Conceptual Age should be revised to explain more of what he has missed in his book that had me puzzled.

Wal-Marts Women essays

Wal-Marts Women essays When six females filed a class action discrimination lawsuit against Wal-Mart in 2004, they were not just looking out for their own interests; they were in fact standing up for 1.6 million other women who worked for and were allegedly treated unfairly by Wal-Mart after December 26, 1998. The suit alleges that Wal-Mart in effect has lived under a corporate management culture that discriminates against female employees in matters of pay, promotions, training for management positions, and job assignments. The suit was filed in U.S. District Court, and the judge ruled that the women could ask for back pay and compensation for those 1.6 million women. This paper points to the facts of the case, many of which have been presented cogently and graphically by a professor from the University of California at Hayward, Richard Drogin. Using files and data from Wal-Mart, Drogin has painted a picture of institutional discrimination that cries out for a judgment in favor of the plaintiffs. For example, Drogin shows that only 33 percent of salaried managers are women, and that male hourly workers earn an average of $18,609 a year, while female hourly employees earn only $17,498. At the higher corporate levels, men make far more than women, Drogin demonstrated; a male regional VP earns an average of $419,435, while a female in the same position earns just $279,772 annually. Interestingly, only 10.3% of the regional VPs are female, which is not an indication of a lack of skills or talent on the part of women, but rather is based on institutional discrimination against women at Wal-Mart. The numbers dont lie: women hired for hourly jobs in 1996 earned 35 cents less an hour than men; by 2001, the difference grew, as women on hourly wages earned $1.16 less an hour than men. Women received 2,891 fewer promotions than men in the Support Manager position, and the list of injustice for women goes on and on. The st...

Free Essays on War On Drugs

The â€Å"War on Drugs† in the United States, is a waste of time and a waste of taxpayer’s money. Taxpayers in the United States are paying billions of more money on the war on drugs then, we are for the war in Iraq, far more causalities from the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq and hundreds of more prisoners in the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq. Since the war on drugs began, arrests went up 50% however; the number of users and the supply of drugs stayed the same. President Bush even wanted to spend more money on the war on drugs. Even though, most cities and states can translate back to spending three quarters of their budget on the war on drugs alone. While, our society can still purchase drugs easier then, buying a bottle of alcohol or a pack of cigarettes, it is hurting our society. If we can’t keep drugs out of our prisons then, how can we keep them off our streets? There has to be a better way to fight the war on drugs because we have to fac e it, it is a failure. Incarcerating more and more people for longer and longer amounts of time for drug offences is ridiculous: all we are doing is building more prisoners. We are not reducing the amount of drugs in our country. What is this solving? Nothing. In order to make the war on drugs work, we need to come up with new polices and not keep using the same polices that had failed over and over again. The war on drugs causes a lot of problems including violence in the United States. People don’t understand our drug polices, have a direct relationship to crime. The problem is there can be very large profits made in transporting drugs. People who want to make large profits of money violate our drug laws. This will then make a lot of people who want to make a lot of money violate our drug laws. The transporting and selling of drugs generate into violent crime. Most drug dealers use some sort of intimidation and violence when selling drugs. Violence occurs wh... Free Essays on War On Drugs Free Essays on War On Drugs The â€Å"War on Drugs† in the United States, is a waste of time and a waste of taxpayer’s money. Taxpayers in the United States are paying billions of more money on the war on drugs then, we are for the war in Iraq, far more causalities from the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq and hundreds of more prisoners in the war on drugs then in the war in Iraq. Since the war on drugs began, arrests went up 50% however; the number of users and the supply of drugs stayed the same. President Bush even wanted to spend more money on the war on drugs. Even though, most cities and states can translate back to spending three quarters of their budget on the war on drugs alone. While, our society can still purchase drugs easier then, buying a bottle of alcohol or a pack of cigarettes, it is hurting our society. If we can’t keep drugs out of our prisons then, how can we keep them off our streets? There has to be a better way to fight the war on drugs because we have to fac e it, it is a failure. Incarcerating more and more people for longer and longer amounts of time for drug offences is ridiculous: all we are doing is building more prisoners. We are not reducing the amount of drugs in our country. What is this solving? Nothing. In order to make the war on drugs work, we need to come up with new polices and not keep using the same polices that had failed over and over again. The war on drugs causes a lot of problems including violence in the United States. People don’t understand our drug polices, have a direct relationship to crime. The problem is there can be very large profits made in transporting drugs. People who want to make large profits of money violate our drug laws. This will then make a lot of people who want to make a lot of money violate our drug laws. The transporting and selling of drugs generate into violent crime. Most drug dealers use some sort of intimidation and violence when selling drugs. Violence occurs wh... Free Essays on War On Drugs Americas War on Drugs Today’s Drug laws seem to do more harm than good. The so-called drug war hasn’t seemed to be as effective as it was intended to be. Its original intent lies in its name, to attack the drug problem in America. Nixon started the war on drugs in the late sixties to stop drug abuse at the source, the distributors. Another intention for the war on drugs was to show individuals taking part in this illegal activity that their participation would cause serious consequences. The government has taken drastic measures to keep drugs out of our nations streets, from attacking the frontline in The Columbian drug fields, to making numerous drug busts in urban cities across the United States. However, these harsh but well- intentioned laws have been accused of infringing on America’s freedom. Some believe the people have a natural right to use drugs if the perfectly well chose to do so. Although the war on drugs has been going on for many years, drugs still remain a big problem in the lives of many Americans. Drug offenders as well as abusers are being punished with extreme penalties. Innocent people are suffering because of this. And finally, all the tax dollars going into this war seems to be in vain because its not progressing like it should. The American Government saw that drugs were repressing its citizens, which made them spring into action. The Government wanted to do whatever it took to rid its streets from drugs and crime, which in time the War on Drugs was created. Nixon launched programs with efforts to crackdown on illegal drug use. He created the Office of Drug Abuse and Law Enforcement (ODALE) and the Office of National Narcotics Intelligence (ONNI). In 1973, he also initiated Reorganization Plan No. 2, which changed the BNDD into the Drug Enforcement Administration. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 created five schedules that categorized drugs accor... Free Essays on War On Drugs The War on Drugs For years the â€Å"War on Drugs† has been one of America’s greatest follies. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to enforce drug laws on Americans with no great change in use. This is the wrong way to handle such a problem. Let’s compare drugs to roaches. You cannot possibly exterminate all of the roaches in your house by stomping on every roach that you see. Some roaches never come out in the light and some are eggs yet to hatch, these pests will never be caught even with the most watchful eye. You need to get an exterminator to come and spray the house and probably the outside of the house too, to keep them from coming back. To stop heroin and cocaine from being used in America, we must first eliminate its source. The â€Å"War on Drugs† is not a war against Americans, it’s a war against drugs. The problem is that some Americans use drugs. How can we stop this? There needs to be a multi-national policy instilled to control the production of drug crops. If you leave cookies on the counter over night you’re going to develop an infestation, and if you leave opiates to be produced all through Asia and cocaine to be grown in South America . . . Americans will get a hold of it. The world needs to get together and decide which â€Å"drugs† are worth prohibiting, it also needs to decide which uses are tolerable. Marijuana, for example, is not even considered a drug in many countries and appears to have many medical uses. Morphine and other opiates are used in hospitals around the world and saves people a great deal of pain. Codeine and Lidocaine, cocaine’s little brothers, are often prescribed for pain dealing with dental work. The UN would serve us well to figure out which drugs have the potential to be used in medicines. One way of looking at the drug problem would be from the punishment angle. The UN could decide to impose strict fines on countries found to be cultivating and e...